A grammer, Armenian and English

University of California - Berkeley

Gift of
MISS ANNE AVAKTAN

ora 4 7

; oe wn 44
ik Aye oe mis, an “
Pe ae at OR ele
; Ae Nites aa 3
2 ae
aaa, ;
! by

«ie

a ae
An.

A

a

ae oe; Ay Ray ag B

Sy roa tes i ol

fe ttethy Suh =
~~ ae 7 ve.

a mG an,
DE ase
ene ches

on a Se

ay

fo GRAMMAR
‘ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH
: P. PASCHAL AUCHER

AND

LORD BYRON

VENICE

PRINTED IN THE ARMENIAN MONASTERY OF ST. LAZARUS

1873

t

dis ra ADE? opal, | Py a
<a ‘
* ;

GRAMMAR

Grammar teaches the art of speaking
and writing correctly.
Human discourse is formed of letters,
syllables and words.
Letters are the elements of a syllable.
Asyllable is either one letter, or the
union of letters.
A word is one or more syllables, which
rig 4 ess some thing.
he union of words to explain our thoughts
3 letely is called discourse.
e harmony of words with the rules of
Gr ammar is iapesis io hae

-

“NOY wnyz pomp
“LoquInU 227 74 .9f

: "MOIU
-vdmoo veybun 34h

‘Suroq bee ym
Aue woz Jog
‘SUS ylah dQ
"LOOP U.00) 47d,
*QUley] Ulny een},
‘ynow upsed yordgg
“ABYO 1972 rp] 'f]

PNICVSA

‘aInze Ul z
puv oinsvoyd ut s 10 ‘qouoarz ¢
“prey?

“a0 Sau aut

soTqv][Asououl oy} Ul oynu a
Youody OY} OYI] 10 ‘vay UI SB a
"JOUL UI SB a
*SJOMOA OM} TOOMIOG $ IO z
‘sah ut sv ah

“4308 d
‘qiod Ul sv v

aNnos

ays

gt, -b

Fwk bo ta a

&

Mov weak mals

3

ONIINTYE

sua qyhra-hyuyy Jo sysisuoa yaquydjp uniuemap ayy

LHavHd Ty

Gro

FS Ole oc SOF Lc

*qulog diuoos Apa]

*10JBM nys? dau
‘asaoyo weg Adam|y
‘UISIVI YoIULRya Ferre
uos Azsom Pasty

‘SOP wooys 14)

"10940] Spun Yup,

"MBIYS ZMDy bdng
‘oyyout anu Ahn ty
‘OSINOOSIP Lol ums

‘Loppol bay6 47],
‘ODI0A aus) ulin

‘arey sahy 477

“syrut web welrh

901} LUzp uO

“yavp dpieyy Arai

“qy ST] sony aM]

“SUIMBOU pspuiaa warn

*‘pavy
‘OIN/VU U7? OTT
10 ‘yaINyd UL SB 90S yo LO ysz
9
‘YS PUB YIJOJ UL YO LO Yop
*Ppiom Ul SB om
“ys
"Ub
*‘puo 0} 4¥ oynuUt
puv f4sprum oy} ur fog sve f
:SPLOM JO SUIUUISE UI 4jOS ¥
"UL

‘obpul bp 10 £
4 UBIS
-11ed 10 ‘A yoou3 Mou sv yb
“qJOS 27
“Y
*poos sv pavy 6

OJUIJOLZOUL UIz 10 ‘ABxz9 ULZd 10 zp

‘y9 UBULLOS 10 X% yoorS sv yy
"OIYVUN) UL SB 7
‘aq ‘ay ULSB A dO ALOYS 2

ads 2 Pol

te Achdensr io tt AS o

SY

ew Jt wie

Ss ySeees ew RS}

PReoacrnr <=

Ge EB forninc Kee

*Aamyuao
Yad} oy} Ur yoqeyd;y emery oy} OJUL pooNporyUT a104 GF pue (0 od} 4se]
ay} ‘Aanjuad YANOJ 94} UT pauusoy a19A Yo 0} f] Wo’ StojovIeYT) ge aU,

‘mOTyeIoUNUOId OY} JO Vopt AveTo v LOAUOD 04 O[qusMOdSIPUT SI OOTOA ¥,1049RUE ou} SOSBO
— OWLOS UL JN : slopOVIVYD YSI[SUY UL UALS OG UO 4VY} 4SaAdvOU OY} OB oIOY UOAIS spuNos oY,
"UBI[e4T Ula oY] 9 pus ‘Yous. Ul v oY] poounouodd'st yu000¥ Suo] BV YIM poyavul B “g “NT

"ppo pref mdm ‘yd 10 J of é g g

‘11e 70 Ui) ‘0 0 9 ° 0

"9048 “oy done ‘sOByI UI SB ya 10 pavy yy ay ~ = J.

‘qoung youood Gaza ‘d aund ¢ fe od
: *"[OMOA auny

‘urstod aun 44a] Ulm JO ‘oynUE TI sv Suocy n IO aun - 7 y

[Inq ynzy Fug “paey 2 es ¢ . §

"YOOY west pony "yJOS au d dd J

“1s sop 4978 “p aunap * un S

"asor jvva bday “2 - aaa t } ‘h

“quies dsoos Adau fy hate . Os ” nm (i

DPNICVAA aNQos GNVYN ONILNTYd

7 |

EXAMPLE OF READING

THE LORD’S PRAYER

Zuyp Ep on Jsephfta ’ eat page Enbaf
Hayr myer wor hyergins, soorp . yeghitzi
wineh - pm Ehbugl ewppuyjnelF fit pe
gnoon . ko; yegestz6 arkayootune ko;
Eqboft fusnlp pr npuyEu sSegh fia | a sph
yeghitzin gamk ko worbés hyergins yev hyerg-
ph: Qsurg kp Sutumngap y wnep Sg
vi. Ezhatz myer hanabazort door mez
| amguosi: be [Fog dha quyuspranfrs SEs « apmyba
- fiyssor; yev togh myez ezbardis myer, worbés
Ec dkp [Fnyncdp Lh png exqess rasa uy ust g « Ec
yev myek toghoomk myerotz bardabanatz; yev

mi danir ezmyez i portzootune, fayl pergia

quleg & gunphin: Ob po & mp,
ezmyez i tcharén. Zi =iko e ar-
purelthet fe gopnel(Fhet Eu sfpunp suse funkeuttoa
kayootune yey zorootune yev park havidyans.

wilkh =
amen,

V owels
ail) E, E, ps fy fly Ly Oe

Consonants

A i Ce a i
x, df; Jr Uy 25 é? wy Dy my wy fy wy [>
by tf £) p-

SYLLABLE

A syllable is an articulate sound, as, an,
ar. tu, NA. qgup, tar. wage, aghd. apd;
worm, eaupe part, gaunt ,karn. kup, temk.
gops BOY. ply, unt. (Fhe, tiv, Funf, sham,
py, looyce, Sun, dzar. hay, gal, Suyp;
hire. duju, tzine. Nun. , Jar, diyp MIC. pach ,
shoon. sup, tchar. Sacp, tshoor or chiure.
asst gue y sOorp. unk, der. pus; ram, gars
tz00. cfrf{d-; ute or ewt. sfusn.p » park,

A syllable may be also composed of six
letters, as eh-undzp , siamph. Sacpep, chiurpk.

Two or three consonants are sometimes
formed before or after a vowel.

Double consonants at the end of a syllable
are pronounced short, as, wupp,darr, pur
qup.p,caghack,

When the word ends with double %, in
the pronunciation an ¢ is inserted, as,
hint (divuin v) madnun. thats (shah G1)
tziernun. i‘

9

So also when in the beginning of a word
the same consonant is doubled, as, g20c4
(2:2ac4) shushoog. 4hag (hehng) qugots.

When the liquids *, 4, ¢, are at the end
of a syllable after another consonant, they
have equally in the pronunciation the letter
fg» as, Sih (hil) moogun. TTL (cs
ures ) asdugh. peacuuyy (qpncunep) toosder.

But not when they precede the consonant,
as, gociun, coond. uqun, aghd. hap, gark.

Likewise when the consonants are diffe-
rent, as, (Aaeql2, tooght. unpep, soorpk.
Soqep » hoghmnk. :

In the beginning of many words between
two consonants the letter is understood in
the oblique cases instead of another vowel
of the nominative case, as, aacfn, tzoogun.
Shui (24a) tougan. digu, mishd, Benushay
(dp zunuhw) mushdaga.

FAMILIAR ABBREVIATIONS

tis altima. [Ik ork [bkul..
yf wyufibph ° [Fz or Ez [Pfudp °
m Yewncad ° ‘fh df 'f fE-prus °
my Yewar ow ° Lif fun,

am Uueaac Smif. “i Gfuncu .
eqT geuqaed. ‘Ly Lnguss °

rf Dd Tiftl tidiil.
ET Euy. tp Unpus °

i | 77 ‘Lngus .

fis ie uy jl ° Via Uni -

A*

EE pur ° nig apybe .
‘ig pea PS ju or i] aE Ue
[df orf [Pfr pene f. <n ‘op unpius «
[BE or E [dP Fuit. “a wtutk.
up | unpule fa tfusits °

f ug LITT LL « , fy bi units npiy
ug unguitl, . 7 i unk pn .
“Dg Unie pipes wile wknd s
upy upYeny « L pul °
upy upeng « “Pa ‘Pi pfumny 3

WORD

A word is an articulate sound expressive
of our ideas.

Words in the Armenian language consist
of eight parts of speech; Nouns, Pronouns,
Verbs, Participles, Prepositions, Adverbs,
Conjunctions, Interjections.

NOUN

A noun signifies some substance, or qua-
lity, as, Aupy , man. Ephfp, earth. pye, light.
uppuyne[Ih.h, kingdom. sagf, soul, spirit.
wi dh, person. ein [IF feG, nature. djunp, mind,
thought. gepf, good. gkgkghh, handsome.
puygp, sweet. dis, great.

In nouns six peculiarities are to be consi-
dered: Gender, Form, Species or Kind,
Number, Case, Declension.

il
GENDER

In the Armenian language the genders
are distinguished by their natural significa-
tions, as

MASCULINE

Uged, Adam, Wuduku, Moses. Qbun_
pou, Peter. Gphgop, Gregory. Wapzuit,
Vardan, ete.

duyp, father. Eqeuyp, brother. sump,
son, a male-child. ppb-uuy,a husband, spouse.
whkp, a father-in-law. pkaf, uncle, a mo-
ther’s brother. fuparsuyp , gossip, Godfather.
uy man, husband, Sumy, a man-servant.
[Puguneop or upipusy y king. Tose frespiecazy Sa-
trap, a peer. gary, a bull. Egu,an ox. pugs
a he-goat. fury,ram, a male sheep, qacupush ;
bullock, a young ox. Fgikpac, a stag. uspu-
quay, cock, ete. |

Uelut , tribunal. gop, soldiers. geo pu-
guy, cavalry, horse-troops, ete.

FEMININE

Geuy » Kve. Yas , Sarah. Yuphual;
Mary. Gae2uit or Gacguiuph » Susanna.
Yupyorsf, Rose, ete.

Luiif, grandmother. sup, mother. paps
sister. Suput, spouse, bride. 4fu, womans
wife. gacump, daughter. un_%b4, girl, maid.
qapuits, mother-in-law. tac, son's wife,

daughter-in-law. ufkuacp, mother-in-law,

12
husband's nother. Fipuniup , gossip, God-
mother. golug, wphfin, [dmgocsfh, queen,
princess. opfapy, young girl. tuudtfoun,
ugusfuft, servant-maid. had, cow. Epful,
heifer, a young cow. cup, ewe, female
sheep. upp, hen. equ, hind, ete.

SOMMON

Puppy » man. apy ' quiul » child. OD Lend ie)
infant, Funuiig ,an heir, [Pan%, grandson,
or grand-daughter. [Pngu%, bird. unfrs-,
lion, or lioness. haphe% ,a young beast. Susy. ;
chick, chicken. gue, bird, fowl. nsfsup,
sheep. epYan., cattle. uquchf , pigeon, dove.
ah, horse. ga%, dog, bitch. gfef2-, charmer.
tiupyupl, prophet, or prophetess, ete.

NEUTER

Dap, water. og, air. Saq, earth, ediup. —
jin, body. Ephfup, heaven. pyws light.
oun, tree. ai-np, hand. muip y foot. son,
soul, spirit. djunp, mind. umm&, house. as
[B-on., chair, hiwihp, life. dius, death. gunk
el pae[d pet ; patience. utteppuuenc[d fri ’ in-
justice, etc.

The genders are distinguished also in
this manner: Uyp epzupl, prophet, a
male prophet. hf thupasupl, prophetess, a
_ female prophet. ayp diupy, man, male. hft
dup, WOMON, Hiumuh wafed, honess, fe-

13

male lion, a she-lion, wpa waunt%p, male
pigeon. un Spy, wquy girl, a female child, ete.

Some genders are indicated also by their
terminations, as

MASCULINE

Safsaittiu » John. Sac phuiiay ) Julian.
Ul uttampau , Athanasius. (oapapa , Theo-
dore, ete.

FEMININE

Salsa , J oan. Gar pfruil, ’ J uliana.
UfPatimuufrs, Athanasia. (bapopu, Theo-
dora, ete.

Qapyncsefs Rose. pplacsps a priestess
heathenish. pusSuftiaynesf, a priestess. diup
guplnacsfr » a prophetess. Yeunewdacsp ,
Goddess. uppuyne sf ’ [Pugnesf ) unppnesft ’
queen, princess. dhuyacsp, a she-martyr.
Ueguuncsp, an Abbess. Yuphacugarsp,
Deaconess, etc.

Qapzutiys, Vard's daughter. Yursushas
Ly? » Roce. daughter . feaupaid{yzacfum ;
Chosroes’ daughter. \\pgzacfum, Hormis-
tus’ daughter, etc.

FORM

The forms of the nouns are three: sim-
ple, as, dup » man: Accompanied by a par-
ticle before, as, whiupg, inhuman: Com-
pas of entire words, as, Swpyaety » human,
sind.

14

The different modes of producing com-
pound epithets and words, are the trea-
sure and ornament of the Armenian lan-
guage; a thousand varieties of compounded
words may be made in this tongue as may
be perceived in the Armenian grammar pu-
blished 1845.

SPECIES or KIND

There are two kinds of words: Primi-
tive, as, supy man: and Derivative or De-
rived having at the termination a particle,
as, shupry tw, human.

The Derivatives are most abundant in
the Armenian language.

NUMBER

Numbers are two: Singular, as, sup,
man: and Plural, as, dupgzp or dupe fh,
men.

The plural of some nouns is formed in
a particular manner, as, 44%, woman, fur
iuyp, women. dump, convent, dufunpuyp ;
tfuitopl-uyp or uit puuyp ; convents. gly or
ghpe » book, yg peuit , books. tutuneh child,
boy, hiutihinfp, children, boys.

The proper nouns are sometimes made
plural with the particle tt, as, Gphgnp»
— Gregory, Vppenpkuip , Gregories. Bafguit
thu, John, §0fSuttiuful-uiip, Johns.

15

CASE

The cases in the Armenian language ac-
cording to the. modern authors are ten in
number. :

1. Nominative, sAupyz ,the man.
2. Genitive, diupyry ; of the man.
3. Dative, Aupeyry or ’f dup, to the man.
A. Accusative, gtupy, the man.
5. Ablative, ’f supra, from the man.
“6. Narrative, qliupyry , concerning the man.
7. Instrumental, Aiupzad, by means of man.
8. Circumdative, were: about the man.
#9, Commorative, ’f supe. or 'f shiuprpacsl;
in the man.
*10, Vocative, sd supa, 0 man!

It is to be remarked in this declension
that the second case is changed in the ter-
mination. The third in the termination, and
is then denominated the dative-declined-in
the-termination: and sometimes has before it
a letter or preposition, and is then called
the dative-with-the-preposition. The fourth
ease has before it the letter 4, which is
sometimes omilted or understood. The fifth
ease changes in the termination, and has
the letter or preposition ’} before it; or the
letter » when followed by a vowel. The sixth
ease likewise changes in the termination,
and has before it the tetter 4. The seventh.
case changes in the termination. The eighth
ease also, and has before it the letter 4.

16

The ninth ease has before it the letters ’s
or;,and when changed in the termination
has always before it the same letter or pre-
position. The tenth case has before it the
interjection “ or #1, but not always ex-
pressed. |

According to the ancient authors the
cases are properly only six.

41. Nominative.

2. Genitive.

3. Dative.

4, Accusative. es
5. Ablative. ad
6. Instrumental.

And these will be followed in the present
grammar.

DECLENSION

Concerning the number of declensions
of the nouns the opinions of authors are va-
rious: we will reckon ten dividing them into
two classes according to the grammar pu-
blished in 1845.

The first class contains six simple or re-
gular declensions, and the second four mix-
ed or irregular declensions: and they are
distinguished from the second and sixth
cases in this manner.

su,
REGULAR DECLENSIONS
SINGULAR PLURAL

Gen. Instr. Gen. = Instr.

yi
a. b> fe. | « b7> fep-

2. A> ite WY . aug » arp OT op.
De ry mf. WY ny y np.

Ae uils OW, ankle. ¢ ank uilsg ashy pe

oe mt. wy nt.e We meg, mLpe
6. En oY 3 Eng Or %« v Eng ’ Enep or
Ey, et Ege. a ) E-ng) E-qe. *

IRREGULAR DECLENSIONS

SINGULAR | PLURAL
Gen. Instr. Gen. Instr.
1. cn, emf OF E-uy ’ cm) p or
Fun. Fug ’ F-un.p or E-op °
o% fu, au f° wiley ule p «
de nu), we. OF usntp . wily ‘ uly °

A. wy OF E-ws jue. OT Fu.

FIRST DECLENSION
SINGULAR |
| ; , Ah)
1. Upgeuy, the ae ar oe ov{h)
2 Urey» of the king. OK HY

a eee’ Or yusppusy. Senpisy, to the king.
qU.pexy, > the king.

5

Le eee
§. JU.geuyF » from the king.
6. Upgeuyfe, with or by the king.
Ww

PLURAL

1. Upeuyp, the kings.

2. U.pgeuypz, of the kings. Jo

Se U.ceeyly OF yuyppuyps y Burypipusyu to the
kings. 5 des

Ae qUpeey4 the kings. O46

5. gU.ge4yb7, from the kings.

6. Ugeeypee, with or by the kings.

It may be seen by this example that the
letters x,«, 5, form the plural; but are not
always signs of the plural in the termination
ofa word, aS, pusmpusp y city. py) light. Susy ’
bread : which in the plural form. pasqu.pp, ci-
ties. pryup, the lights. Suge, the loaves.

The third and fifth cases carry before
them the letter y, when the noun begins with
a vowel, and the letter ’s, when the noun
~ begins with a consonant.

The cases are generally formed either by
the addition of a vowel to the nominative,
as, gun, word, gunf, of the word, gu,
river, g&uny, of the river. qgkum, coat,
qy lumen. ; of the coat. Spyenms Tiridates 3
Spyumnuy, of Tiridates: or by placing in
the termination of a word the vowel of the
last syllable; a8, pupefir, forger, pupeif,
of the forger: or by omitting a vowel of
the last syllable, as, uunkuit , tribunal, unnk-_
uf, of the tribunal: or by exchanging one

19
vowel for another, as, ajupunkg, garden,
uypuspunfgls, of the garden.

Some nouns have no singular, as, fump,
glory. eupp, custom. gFnfup , hell. facmp ,
idol. 4kump, life, kpkup, face. ugold-p,
prayer, etc.

And others no plural, as, yaya, hope. ukp,
affection, love..pauth, sleep. Ephpp, earth,
asus} wool. fuumeup ; the dark, ete.

SECOND DECLENSION

SINGULAR

4. Yuwpz, the order. gh. ork

2. Yupyf, of the order.

3. Yupgh or 'b Gupz, un. hupz, to the
order.

A. quupq, the order.

5. fh apt, from the order.

6. Yapzu, with or by the order. —

PLURAL

1. \upzp, the orders.
2. Yupyuy, of the orders.
i Qapymg Or fh fuupzpsn to the orders.
A. quwpqzu, the orders.
8. A Yaspgery, from the orders.
6. Yapzucp or huspyop » with or by the
orders.

20
THIRD DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Wepz, the man. .

2. Yupzy, of the man.

os Vapzy or iupryal” or 'f hire. 5 to the
man.

A. ges, the man.

5. A Puppy, from the man.

6. Pupyznd, with or by the man.

PLURAL

1. Wepze, the men.

y A Yap, of the men.

3 Yuapyzrg or 'f thisspirpws y to the men.
Ae ql upepeu y the men.

5. Waspzng, from the men.

6. Yupzode, with or by the men.

FOURTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Lfifi, the foundation.

2. L/h, of the foundation.

3. Lpduis or 'f Spits, to the foundation.
A. g2dpiti, the foundation.

5. bs Lfulaml-, from the foundation.

6. Sfulinfe, with or by the foundation.

PLURAL

1. Lfufunp, the foundations.
2. Lfulaiing , of the foundations.

21

3. Lfulutug or 'f SfrlivSu, to the founda-
tions.

A. gdfrlintu , the foundations.

5. fb Sfuliutiy , from the foundations.

6. LpdinS-p, with or by the foundations.

FIFTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. Q.u%d, the treasure.

2. Guida, of the treasure.

3+ Quaehadne or 'h guid ,» to the treasure.
A. gYuind , the treasure.

5. "A G-uHdk, from the treasure.

6. Q.utidoc, with or by the treasure.

PLURAL

1. Q.widp, the treasures.

2. Quidtorg, of the treasures.

3. Quidaey or’ guudu, to the treasures.
A. 7Yudu, the treasures.

5. A Quidorg, from the treasures.

6. Quuidnep, with or by the treasures.

SIXTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

A. Ugefep, the fountain.

2. Uygelp, of the fountain.
et Ugelp or yegqebeps to the fountain.
As qMyebep the fountain.

22
5. WUaekpk or yaqefept, from the foun-
tain.
6. Ugekpe or egekpur , with or by the foun-
tain.
PLURAL

1. UgeFpe or agefecpe, the fountains.

2. Ugekpy or wqekpmg, of the fountains.

3. Ugebpy aqekpug OF yoqekpu, yung
efeps, to the fountains.

A. qUgebpe or quae fe pu y the fountains.

5. JUae=pry or uel pug » from the foun-
tains.

6. UgeFpee or week pep » with or by the
fountains. |

SEVENTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR

1. S£qf, the place.

2. S&qexy, of the place.

oe SF query or unl-qen) or 'h wnk-nfs » to the
place.

A. gSkqf:, the place.

5. SE query or’f wnk-qengk, from the place.

6. $&qku-, with or by the place.

PLURAL

1. Séqhe, the places.

2. S&qkuy, of the places.

3. Skqkuy or ’f wnk-gfu, to the places.
A. gSknftw, the places.

wate

> 23
| 3. '& S&qkuy, from the places.

6. Skqkurp or wkgkep, with or by the
f places.

EIGHTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR

1, f.£2%, the burden.

2. féafi, of the burden.

. Pén fi orf e&n%, to the burden.
. gf-Fex, the burden.

‘2 PEawil , from the burden.
PEnunfz, with or by the burden,

Sg go |

PLURAL

1. fénfip, the burdens.

2. fiEnuing , of the burdens.

3+ PE nutiig or 'h glen fiw ; to the burdens.
A. gftknfiw, the burdens.

5. ’f Pénuing, from the burdens.

6. Penunfep, with or by the burdens.

NINTH DECLENSION

SINGULAR

1. \fu, the woman or the wife.
2. Yun, of the woman.
$3. Yin? or fp 4%, to the woman.
A. gif, the woman.
_ 5. ’f Winfk, from the woman.
b 6. Wise or Apes Tass elge ’ with or by the woman.

24
PLURAL

1. Yetnyp, the women or the wives.

2. Yat , of the women.

3. Yuviaiing OF wn. hufimyy , to the women.
Ae quay ; the women.

5. ft Yututing , from the women.

6. Yustudep, with or by the women.

The following are declined in this manner.
SINGULAR

1. Qfey or yFor, the village.

2. 4.499, of the village.

3 9.£-72_or 'h gfegs to the village.
A. gYfeq, the village.

5. ’f 9Fq2E, from the village.

6. QAcqbe, with or by the village.

PLURAL

1. Gfewe, the villages.

2. Gfrghg, of the villages.

3 Dfeghy or 'h gfequ, to the villages.

As qgYfrqu, the villages. |

5. ’f %/eqby, from the villages.

6. Qfeghep or gheqop, with or by the
villages,

SINGULAR

1. $&p, the Lord, the Master.
2. SFumnt, of the lord.
3. Shunt or gukp, to the lord.

25

id Ae qS&p> the lord.
3. fb Skunk or 'b Skank, from the lord.
6. SE pun, wilh or by the lord.

PLURAL

1. S&wpp, the Lords, the Masters.
2. Shupy or wk puing of the lords.
Be SFuipy ; wk puting or gunk usp , to the lords.
Ae qSEuyu , the lords.

5. ‘fh SFuupg or 'h wn putig »from the lords.
6. $&pudep, with or by the lords.

SINGULAR

a Ue or op, the day.
2. Year, of the day.

ROL Usecp Or yurep OV opts to the day.

4. q“Uep OF gop» the day.
5. eps or yor’, from the day.
6. Useacpe, with or by the day.

PLURAL

. 7 4. Us-pe» the days.

2. Yeorpyz> of the days.

8. Yenepy or yurearpu, to the days.
a A q“ijerrpe » the days.

5 5. Jerry ’ fr om the days.

6. Yenepee, with or by the days.

_ SINGULAR

1. Luyp, the father.
2. Luep Or Sop, of the father.

26

3 gunp, Son or asuy » to the father.
A giuyp, the father.

5. ‘fs dun pk or fs Sop, from the father.
6. Lupe, with or by the father.

PLURAL

1. Supp, the fathers,

2. Quy or Suputtg , Of the fathers.

3. guppy ; Susputig or 7Sasypus to the fathers.

A. qimpu, the fathers.

De fs upg Or 'f Supusng, from the fathers.
- £upep, With or by the fathers.

TENTH DECLENSION
SINGULAR

1. Shzpu%, Tigranes.

2. Sfzpuiiuy , of Tigranes.

Be S/yputiuy or ‘fh Sfzput, to Tigranes.
A. qSfypuin, Tigranes.

3+ 'b Shy putiuy , from Tigranes.

6. S/zputiaue, with or by Tigranes.

SINGULAR

1. 2h ofiuk , Helena.

2. Lk ofiuk-uy , of Helena. ;
Be Lb gfitkuy OF wr. LE gfiul. » to Helena.
A. ydk-nfinl- , Helena.

. 5+ 'b Lk gfik-uy, from Helena.

6. 26 4ful-w, with or by Helena.

27
ADJECTIVE

An adjective is a word added to a Sub-
stantive to express its quality.

Adjectives in the Armenian language ad-
mit besides the number or case the degrees
of comparison. :

The Comparatives are formed in three
modes; 4. with the particle ¢-j+, as gmp»
good, eupk-ynju, better. serpy bad, supurgnjt y
worse. gusgqnuedl, much, many, eugdugnaji,
more. 2. with the prepositions smh, bw, mmm
mb)» aS, lk & great, Hi-& put, Hh & fey were
cL, J-S, greater. 3. with different cases of
the substantive, as, d&-S% supa uph fg, great-
er than all prophets, de St'f dupguphu
greater amongst the prophets.

The Superlatives are also formed in three
manners: 4. with the particles #2 or «iv,
te, £3, tpts or t~ put before them, as,
wai Dsus ) best. wll fprhiuomnet ’ wisest,
ge punhiupacp most clean. HE Sunfuizlpacs y
most convenient. EnudtS, greatest, 2. by
adding to them some adverbs, as, Lu di Sus
gue OF di-Sugnju hu, greatest. yak duun
[Pupugnja wits tua fit fps worst, unl
th ft gk-gkghl, most. handsome. Epfgu qv
hE, most miserable. 3, by redoubling the
positives, as, /i-SunlkS-, greatest. suspussuss
OF seups TT Te put Y Pda he worst. —

28

MIDDLE NOUNS

Those nouns are named middle or mixed,
which are neither Substantives nor Pro-
nouns, and are classed generally in English
among the Adjectives.

They are of five kinds: Numeral, Parti-
tive, General, Interrogative, and Relative.

THE NOUNS NUMERAL

The nouns numeral are of five kinds: Ab-
solute, Cardinal, Separative, Distributive,
and Replicative. |

ABSOLUTE ee
BS « fener vi\ - re
Ue or SE, chi, Eq, one. (tty a 1™v z ox8
mt. \ f4 << .
bef, two. yore aaa bat
“mg f°

brke, or En, Epp, three. ‘42440
Qepe Or sapu, four. ep~eQ——Hws
o fing, five. Wt ~

UFy, SIX. Nbeke WOE
bt or EFofdi , even. uci im 4 OT ht
ficfd, erght. we

pia ’ nine. i ae

Suu, ten. upon

| | eae ’ eleven.

Gphauumait , twelve.

Gp euuuuin, thirteen.
Qopkpuunut, fourteen.

Ling Eunuuust fteen.

Foumuuih , sixteen.

29

[Polos OF Fe [Ptracmunis , seventeen.

Q\el(Phumut Or ac[d-aciwmunut , eg hteen.

Pithuawat or ep eae » nineteen.

“Pua, twenty. [A494 &~

‘Prout bp, twenty one.

Gpkent, thirty. ©

Gpbeat he Ephac ’ thirty two. |

‘Prsmuunacdh y forty. Ka Peers

‘Ranmunet be Enkp ’ fe orty three.
Shunt, fifty. ni 2A

Spunch h. sopp , fifty four.

uldtunt, sixty.

Ge fPutaunt, seventy.

Qicfdunct ’ eighty.

hitiunch, ninety.

Pitiuocth he fi ’ ninety nine.

duppep, hundred. A,o;0

Gel frler » two hundred.

Gekeseiphep » three hundred.

Qapkpsmphep, four hundred.

2 ftysaphrp ’ five hundred.

Ulgsuphep, $1x hundred.

Getsupfhep, seven hundred.

NelP-suppep, eight hundred.

PitisSuphep, nine hundred.

Lusqup, thousand. 4266

Pfcp or efep, ten thousand.

CARDINAL

er or Te LLL 2 ; ww IGE pape ’ Dausfu_
lis Youreof, first.
ar second.

30)

Gepope or Ephyp » third.

Qappapy or Sophy » PULA y [ ourth.
dling k pope» fifth.

WE gk pop, » srxth.

Ge uk popyz, seventh.

esi papy, ’ eighth.

pial poppy » ninth. -

Samik- papa. ’ tenth.

‘Poul popy , twentieth.

Gp utE- papa. » thirtieth.

‘Panu pape ’ fe ortieth.
Bfutk-popy ’ fi fi tiet h.

Ueu[d-uitk- pape. » § 1x treth.
G-attantk pap, ) seventieth.

ele ut pape ‘ erghtieth.

Pinal pape ’ nine tieth.

Supper pk pape »Or Suphepape ’ hundredth.
Ge4Epbe peppy » two hundredth.
Seuquipk pape ’ thousandth.

SEPARATIVE

Wh+4, one, sole, only.

GehFat or Ephuh , two only, two.

Gop ent,, three only, three.

Qapk wh or pumk-uh, four only, four.
Lughush, five only, five.

Suutl-uwh, , ten only, ten.
bP uttanttkuh , seventy only, seventy.
Luipfepl-wh, hundred only, hundred.

ol
DISTRIBUTIVE

beheekui or Ephapfi, both, the two.

brkekat or Epkpfiu, the three.

| Qopk pi uu or supk phi ’ the four.

Ge fdutkpkum or kr[d-uiikpht, the seven.

bp yomunuitk plush or Ephonuuuik phn , the .
twelve. |

bpheputisfep, both, one and the other.

REPLICATIVE

bphyeunpl or Api fu, double, two.

brekeuyunfh Fnunyununfh or Epi ph fit : triple,
treble, threefold.

QopEpuyuunfrh ; pununyuuoph or sopiph fin ’
fourfold.

Linz anyuunfrh ’ quintuple, fivefold.

GelFtuanyuinfh ’ sevenfold.

Saubupuunpl ’ tenfe old.

Leuapfreprusmunnphy, ize old.

Leusquspusupusinfrh » thousan fe old.

THE NOUNS PARTITIVE

— fiti, ap, fe, some, somebody, one, any,
whosoever. 7

pif; , fis, a, one, some, certain, single, any.

Whdb-uing or bpkpug, of one, of the other.

Peperpatisfep OV utbgifep each, every, any.

Wee or dew, other, another.

Wyk mp) uy ails another.

Ue bili, uy (us, another, different.

32

‘Whee aif, another.

hepupusishep mp, every one.
hepupuiishep fis, every or any thing.
UWA of, every, any.

‘Pui fins Or puitf dh, some, not many.

THE NOUNS GENERAL

Uline or abn, all, every, any.
UAtE peut or adkikpfir, all, every one.
Finynp, all, whole, entire, total.

Papopk putt or enpopkpfi, all, every one.
Quiz taste Sunliuh; Suunto opEh » pluucy, ngduyt ;
all, whole, entire, total, complete.

Udi imju mp y every one.

Usriujn fus, every or any thing.

Ne 22, whoever, whosoever.

Nie fuss whatsoever.

fils me, none, not one, not any, nobody.
Ns us or as dh (us, nothing, not any thing.

THE NOUNS INTERROGATIVE

(\° or «1, who? which person ?

Ap, who? which ?

p°ts, what ? which?

‘fpuif?, how much? how many ?

Nd ag) 8 ap, ap np, whoever ? who?

Ne bit, ql’us pus, whatever ? what ?
Vpeppap, qltsmpuf, what ? which?
Npewt , sipsunfs, how much? how many ?

THE NOUNS RELATIVE

UV jebols ’ unfiunfrufs » such, hike, same, si-
milar, as, $0.

Uyeuteb» pujumnpfrufs 50, as, like, similar.

U je ful, tajtmfuf $0, AS, as that, hke
that.

U. poeuit, unjiputs, s0 much, as many.

U, josef y uojusunp, so much, as many.

Ute, peujipu , 80 many, so much.

Uys putisunf, 80 many, so much.

U. jie , tnjiputs , 80 many, so much.

Y, jusunp , injusunp, so many, so much, so
much as.

All these middle nouns are declined under
one of the ten declensions of nouns substan-
tive, except aifi and ap, which are diffe-
rently declined in the singular, but similarly
in the plural number, as |

SINGULAR

i. {jdz,one, some. fj.» one, any person.
2. flepacifz, of one. flepacp, of any.
3. (\_/iii, to one. {j_dk-p » to any.

A. ofits, one. q{he» any.
5. fiedei£, from yfiedkpe, from any.
one.

G. liu , withor by f\diae , with or by
one, any.

34

PLURAL

1. (\d/istep , some.

2. f\viving , of some.

3 (\ funy or patiuiou » gaat to some.
A. gf\diutie , some.

5. pMdivig , from some.

6. {\livdep , with or by sume.

PRONOUN

Pronouns stand in place of nouns and,
like them, have case, number, and particu-
larly the first, second and third persons, as,
Eu, 1, gov, thou. tur, he.

In Armenian they have no genders.

There are four kinds of pronouns: Sub-
stantive or Personal, as, Aw, I. gae, thou.
fig, he, himself: beg, own, himself. Defini-
tive, as, wu, this (person or thing). ga, that
(person or thing). t=, that, he, she, it. Pos-
sessive, as, bf or filyfiu, my, mine. Jép or
Apophis , OUr, OUT S. pry OF pryft, thy, thine.
akp or 2Epajfiu, your, your's. pep or bepuy
fu, his, hers, its. fcphuwirg, their, their’s.
And Relative, as, «p, who, which, that, what.

The three letters «, +,%, are called Arti-
cles-distinctive-of-the-persons; and joined
to the terminations of words and verbs, shew
their persons or order, and are used as pro-
nouns personal, possessive, and definitive, as,
tiupy», T who ama man, or my man, or this -

— Man. hupyr, thou who art a man, or thy man,
or that man, diupys, he who is a man, or his
man or that man.

} 1. ac, thou.

35

| DECLENSIONS OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS

1. Person.
SINGULAR
A. be, a i - Af ex
_2.pd; of me, mine or my.” | # es
Be Tid, gh, win. fw, tO me. tome an),
sda me. " %* <2
ybuks , from me. Lie Kant
7 6 hike , with or by me. bin 2
. PLURAL
1. Le, we. mye

2. Fp, of us, our or our’s.
De UFq; gully ; ann. k- 4 5 to us.
A. yWPEq, us.

5.’ WSs, from us.

6. Fee, or drop, with or by us.

2. Person.

SINGULAR ww

2. stv, of thee, thine or thy. SS
3. “Pbg ) an. pkgs gpg, to thee. “~ ©7

A. oP-Eq, thee.

5. JA “P£a, from thee.

| 6. -f£, with or by thee.

36
PLURAL

| 4. Yocp ye or you.

“4 2. Q&p, of you, your or your's.
73. QFq, galg aust. akg, to you.
A. 7Qkq, you.

5. 'f Q£u9, from you.

6. QFcp or 4kop, with or by you.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

1. pup, he or himself. et
2. pupkui, of him or his.

3. pipkuit, or am. fugu, to him.

A. y pupa , him.

Be ybplaE , from him.

6. Papkundle , with or by him,

PLURAL

1. pipkutip, they or themselves.

2. pipkutng , of them, their or their’s.
3 piplutig 9 OF war fipl uti » to them.
A. gbipF uit , them.

5. JPiphutny » from them.

6. piphmdep, with or by them.

hip% alone signifies he, she, but accom-
panied by another pronoun signifies self, as,
Eu fut ’ myself. pe fps . thyself. 7 fupt ’
himself.

37

SINGULAR

-

2. hep or fcpl ut, his.

8. hep, fepkut or wa. fep, to him, to

c himself.

A.

$. she, from him, from himself.

6. pep, fepbun or fe plr unde , with or by
him or himself.

PLURAL

i.

2. pphu‘ng, their, their’s.

3. fuecpha‘tg, to them or to themselves.

S$. ybepbuirg , from them, from themselves.
6. fpephunep, with or by them or themselves.

Declension of Definitive Pronouns Personal.

i. Person.

SINGULAR

1. Yur, this (person). hae
2. Yap, of this. 3

De Yel OF wa. wus, to this.

A. Yur, this.

5.’ Yul, , from this.

6. Yadur , with or by this.

38
PLURAL

1. Yapu, these (persons).
2. Yagu, of these.
3. oyu OY asm. unuur, to these.
e Youu; these.
-’A Yogutul , from these.
:: Uapusep or unpop » by or with tlibees

2. Person.

SINGULAR

1. Guz, that (person). Joe
De opus, of that.

3. Yilaw Or gy, to that.

A. opus, that.

5. fb elaine: , from that.

6. Ymfare., by or with that.

PLURAL

4. \hnpur, those (persons).

2. Yngur, of those.

3 §pogu: OY ain gnuu, to those.
A. yf pou , those.

«B.A Qogainl, , from those.

6. hapurp, OF pupops by or with those.

3. Person.
SINGULAR

1. u, that (person) he, she.
A ‘Lopes, of that.

39

De Yeh, OF gia, ean. ia, to that.
Ae wu) that.

5. 7h Uda , from that.

6. Yau, by or with that.

PLURAL

1. ‘V,apur, those.

2. ‘“Logu ’ of those.

3. “‘Uagus OF an. Louw; gunuw » to those.
Ae qlauu, those.

5.’ Yaguiul,, from those.

6. ‘Unpunp OV npop , by or with those.

Declensions of Definitive Pronouns Adjective.

1. Person.
SINGULAR

1. Uy, this (person or thing).
2. U.jop or aszyunpph , of this.

3 Uyes wyulply Or as. “sj y to this.
A. aU, ye , this.

5. WU, jotusel , from this.

6. U, yaar or uyune bl ’ by or with this.

PLURAL

1. U.yue Or aszunphh, these.

S. Uy-7 or uyunghl , of these.

- Uy-7 ’ wuyuaghl Or as. wmyunupl; ; to these.
A. 4, suouph , these.

5 ys. J4y or Juypeguul, from these.

6. U, yonpfep or wyunphdep , by or with these.

A()
2. Person.

SINGULAR

i. Uy» that (person or thing).

2. Uoyee or aygopby, of that.

a. Wye wspoplfily OF aa ayy; to that.
A. FUE ’ that.

5. yUyeetl, from that.

6. Uyeoe or wyynefil : by or with that.

PLURAL

1. Uyee or aypnpht, those.

> Ue or wypyng fl » of those.

3. Usags eypaghh oF an. ayzoufs sto those.

F Be BU yearly ’ those.

So. weg Or Jey eguuk from those.

6. Uyerebep Or aypnphdep, by or with
those. |

3. Person.
SINGULAR

4. j,@, that (person or thing).

2. Uji Or msjtapht, of that.

Se UL jus usjulfly OP wn uyly to that.
A. Uj" ’ that.

5. Ui l, , from that.

6. U__ Lec or wjune hl; 5 by or with that.

PLURAL

1. Uji OV usyjtinpfri,, those.
2. Uji OF ustingfh , of those.

ee SS

: hl
3+ Ut» wpungph OY wn. mfunuph, juju ;
to those.
A. qU, juautsh OF qusjuu , those.
5. JIU or pupuyul from those.
6. U, juaehee or wjlophidep » by or with those.

Other Definitive Pronouns Adjective.

A. Person.
SINGULAR

1. Yu, this same (person or thing).

2. Yopfi or unpach, of this same.

3. Yop or am. unjt, to this same.

A. qUaju, this same.

5. (fh Use or ’f ufis) from this same.

6. Yadbu or umf{ufe , by or with this same.

PLURAL

1. Yasir or unpfi, these same.

2. Yogftt, ungach OF ungachg of these same.

Be Uogfiu Or wn unufils esi. unjue to these
same.

4. qQWajiu , quaufs, these same.

5. 'f Yogacty ; from these same.

6. Yodhdep, unphdpp, OY unpndpp, by or
with these same.

42
2. Person.

SINGULAR

1. ou, that same (person or thing).

2. hapft or gapache, of that same.

3- hifi Or wn. qoju, to that same.

A. y paojt that same.

5. (f haji or ’f gilfir) from that same.

6. Quafft or gruff , by or with that same.

PLURAL

1. hojnp, or qopfhi, those same.

- Spagfiu ’ pagal or Fe ’ of those same.

: ‘pagfit Or as. yenufite » “sett. penjlaus » to those
same.

A. ohajtu OY qynufts, those same.

De 'f (pagacg ’ from those same.

6. halii-p, qophilep OF zapmlp, by or
with those same.

3. Person.
SINGULAR

1. ‘Ugju, that same (person or thing).

2. apf or tinport, of that same.

3. ‘Udpt or wn. infu, to that same.

A. giyju, that same.

3. ((b Uy or 'f iuffiu) from that same.

6. Yad bt or tndfafe , by or with that same.

43
PLURAL

1. ‘Uajip or enpfis , those same.

2. Lagft sLngacts Or Lngacthy ,» of those same.

3’. ‘Uogft OV msn. Laufih , een rl. tnjue to those
same.

Ae Piynjias, OF Ginufir, those same.

5.’ ‘Uagacig , from those same.

6. Godiuep, tenphlep or Lapmidpep, by or
with those same.

The Definitive pronouns are accompanied
sometimes with the pronoun /iupi, self, as,
wu [iupi, this self-same. gus fupts, that self-
same or himself. tus frp, that self-same or
himself. aye fiupi, this same. taju fiupis,
same, that same.

Or they are joined together, as, anjt uur,
this same. paju qu, prs uy, that same,
the same himself.

Declensions of Pronouns Possessive.

The Possessive pronouns are formed of
personal and definitive pronouns; the second
case of these forms the first case of the pos-

sessive. |
a

4. Person.

2 a \

1. [w/; my (mine). gs,
2. pufry, of my.

An

3. fucfoel, OF as. ft to my.
A. gh, my.

Se hulle or yfeley , from my.
6. Jad, by or with my. -

PLURAL

1. Jefe, my.

2. hifag , of my.

3. hilng, wn. fils, to my-
A. a freles my.

a. Jbudag 5 from my.

6. hdinfp, by or with my.

SINGULAR

1. J 4,p, our.

2. J 4pe, of our, our’s.

3 UW Epacd; to our.

Ae gap » OUr.

5.’ Veet or 'b lhe prey » from our.
6. [PE pad, by or with our.

PLURAL

1. WFpe, our.

2. A poq, of our.

3. WE pag, to our.

A. gf E pe, our.

5.’ WEpnz, from our.

6. JFpode, by or with our-

i)
2. Person.

SINGULAR

1. *fin, thy (thine).

» “Poy » of thy.

3. fay, Or paced; to thy.

4. qf, thy.

5. Pod or’ pry, from thy:
6. «fa, by or with thy.

PLURAL

4. ‘Popp ’ thy.

2. “fiog ’ of thy.

3 ‘Pag or ‘fh: Lys to thy.
A. yspaze » thy.

Be fs sping» from thy.

6. <Peajp, by or with thy. .

SINGULAR

1. QFp, your.

2. Qk poy, of your, your's.

3 QE pact; to your.

A. qQep, your.

5.°h Qk pd& or’ 2k pay, from your.
6. Qk pad, by or with your. —

PLURAL

1. Qk pe ’ your.

2. Qk png, of your.
3. QEpng, to your.
4A. qQE pu , your.

| 3

h6
5. ’f QE pag, from your.
6. Qk pade, by or with your.

3. Person.

SINGULAR

4. hep, his or her.

2. fepyy, of his.

Be hepa; to his.

4. ghep, his.

5. yhepde or ybeprys from his,
6. fepad, by or with his.

PLURAL

1. hepp, his.

2. hepng, of his.

3 pepag » to his.

A. ghepu, his.

De ybhepag> from his.

6. bepade, by or with his.

From the genitives of these are formed
other possessives with a particle ¢+ ; they have
the same signification, but are declined with
prepositions, and are these; fdafu, my,
mine. pr fi, thy, thine. d-payfu, our. sé pay-
fu, your. fepry fi, his or her own.

The same possessives are formed also in
this manner: flu, my, mine, Ae puyfir,
our. ab puny fii; your. frpuylin y his. freplutn,
guyfu, their: and these are declined,

A

Declensions of possessives derived from
the Definitives.

1. Person.
SINGULAR

4. Yopu, his or her.

2. Uapuyy » of his.

Be Uopuyacd, to his.

5.

6. Yopuynd; by or with his.

PLURAL

1. Yopuyp, his or her.

2. Yapuyg OF unpuyng » of his.

3. Yapuyg, OY unpuyng » to his.

A. q\japuyus his.

5. 'h Uopuyg » from his.

6. Yapuyafe, by or with his.
SINGULAR

1. Yagus, their.

2. Yaguyy» of their.

3. Yaquyacd, to their.

*

5. :
6. Yaguynds by or with their.
PLURAL

i. Usguyp ’ their. ¥
2. Usguyy Or ungquyny ; of their.

Ag
3 Yaguyy OF ungusyny » to their.
A. y Yaga ’ their. |
5. 'h Uaguyny y from their.
6. Yoguyadp » by or with their.

2. Person..

SINGULAR

1. Spapey y his or her.

2. Ynpuynys of his.

~ popuupacd, to his.

5.

6. papa y by or with his.

PLURAL

4. {popup » his or her.

2. fpopuyy or spring of his.

3 ‘papas » puypny or 'b opps to his.
A. of popuyze ne:

dD. ’f papusyng from his.

6. ‘papuyade by or with his.

SINGULAR

4 « Spngus . their.

2. pagusyry » of their.

Be Spaquyacd, to their.

5 ‘

6. paguyad by or with their.

aR A ci ih i i OS a an ST

ce eee ee ES Te —

aot
a 4 "6° 3
- ye a 4348
er Ber

ean
io ante hes
a
9) |
Shar eb tery 105
oat \ :
Ah ory” ath 4 5:1 ©

CA
TO ot wets

PLURAL”
1. Gaquyp » their.
» AR ‘pagquyy OF paguyng y of their.
o ‘paguyny or bh Ve ed to their.
a qi aguyy » their.
5. f Qsaguyng, from their.
6. ‘paguynid.p ’ by or with their.
3. Person.
SINGULAR
1. Uapus, his or her.
2 ° ULopuyy 9 of his.
oe ‘Uapuyad, to his.
A.
5 >
6. Lapuyads by or with his.
PLURAL |
1. ‘Uopuyp, his or her.
2. Upeyy or Lopuyny ’ of his.

3. Yopuyy ) Uapuspng OF fp enprnye , to his.

A. qinpuys » his.

5. A Uapuyry> from his.

6. ‘Lopayrdle ’ by or with his,
SINGULAR

_ A. Vagus, their.

2. Wagusyry » of their.

De ‘aguyac, to their.

5. ate

6. Yaquymd], Dy or with their.

h9

50
PLURAL
4 e ‘Laguy , their.
2. ‘Leguyy or Unguyny » of their.
De ‘Lequyag Or ‘f tagauyu , tO their.
A. qyaguyu » their.
8. 'f agayng , from their.
6. ‘Uaguyale ; by or with their.

Declension of the Pronoun Relative.

SINGULAR

4. fip or 2, who, which, what, that.

2. flgzy, whose, of which.

36 \pocS or wn. op, to whom, to which.

A. gfip» whom. |

8. yNeds or yapey, from whom, from which.
6. f\pad, with or by whom or which.

PLURAL

1. f\ge,» who, which, what, that.
2+ fipay, whose, of which.

Je Ngeg OF an. ape, to which.
A. q{\yu > which.

5. yfleag» from which.

6. f\pedg, by or with which.

VERB

The verb signifies to be, to do, or to suf-
fer with tense, number and person.
Five properties belong to the verb, Kind,

51

Tense or Time, Number, Person and Con-
jugation.

KIND

There are four kinds of verbs: Substan-
tive, Active, Passive, and Neutral.

The first denotes existence, as, &w; I am.
galt; I do exist. The second action, as, an_
aLJ, I do, I make. The third sufferance, as,
unfit, 1 am done or made. The fourth the
action subsisting in itself, as, apfuuunfrd; I
labour. isu, I go. |

There is also another kind called Com-
mon, which signifies the action as well as
the sufferance, as, pusmnful; I judge, and I
am judged.

TENSE

There are three tenses of the verb: the
Present, as, gpk; I write. Past, as, gpk
gf) 1 wrote; and Future, as, gph-gfgs I shall
write.

The past is either Imperfect, as, zpb,, I
was writing, or Perfect, as, gpkgf, I wrote.

The ancient grammarians add two other
perfect tenses: the Preter-perfect, as, ¢pb-ay_
EW; I have written, and the Preter-plu-per-

fect, as, gph-uy &f,1 had written: but these
enses do not necessarily belong to the Ar-
menian language.

an ep ee oe

52
NUMBER

The verb has two numbers: Singular, as,
gpd; L write, and Plural, as, gphup, we
write.

PERSON

The persons are three: First, as, gpbd;
I write. Second, as, gp&s, thou writest. and
Third, as, gp&, he writes.

CONJUGATION

The variation of a verb in it’s tenses,
numbers, and persons is called conjugation.

Conjugation is either Regular or Irregular.

Regular conjugation changes regularly in
the termination of the verb without any
omission.

The irregular conjugation wants some
tense or mood, and is called Defective ; or
in some tense or mood deviates from the
rule, and is called Devious; or wants the
first and second person, and is called Imper-
sonal.

MOODS OF THE VERB

The manner of signifying some action is
called the Mood. There are four in the re-
sular verbs: Indicative, Imperative, Sub-
junctive and Infinitive.

When the verb indicates some action, af-
firming it simply, it is called the indicative,

53
as, gpk, 1 write. gpkgp, I wrote. gpi-ghg:
I shall write.

When it commands or probibits, it is eall-
ed imperative, as, zpbui, write thou or do
thou write. di gpkp, do thou write not.

When it expresses a suspended action, or
dependent upon another verb to complete
the sense, it 1s called subjunctive, as, £/A&
gplgkd; if 1 write.

When one action is denoted without tense,
number or person, the mood is called infi-
nitive, as, gpé,, to write.

The indicative has three tenses, with per-
sons and numbers. The imperative has two
_ tenses: present, and future; it has two num-
_ bers, but in the singular has no first person,
because he who speaks does not command
himself. However in the plural there is a
first person, because other persons are ad-
dressed and commanded.

The subjunctive has the numbers, and
persous perfect: but in the tenses has only
the present, and the future, because the Ar-
menian language has not properly the past
_tense of subjunctive.

The infinitive has neither tense, number,
nor person: whence it is used as a noun,

and declined in the singular, and is then
called the Gerund.

D4
Example.

SINGULAR

1. Upk,, to write.

2- Dpkyy, of writing.

3. Qpkyy or 'f gpk,, to writing.

A. 7Vpk,, the writing.

8. °b Vpkpy, from writing.

6. 4.pk ym, with or by writing, writing.

The Conjugations of the verbs are four,
and are distinguished by the last vowels of
their indicatives, which are, t, #, «=, f. |

The indicative of the first conjugation
ends with the vowel £, as, gagc-td/; ] move ;
of the second with #, as, pacusiwid, I wash ;
of the third with »-, as, 9&q--/; I pour
out; of the fourth with }, as, aeau£u-d; I
learn.

Every conjugation although different in
its moods, tenses, numbers and persons,
preserves the first syllable of it’s indicative,
excepting such verbs as are Devious.

very person and tense of the verb end-
ing in + or *, is plural. ¢ is the sign of the
first and second person, and * of the third;
provided only that + be not the article dis-
tinctive of the person, because it then would
be singular.

Every verb which terminates in 4, is in
the first person; in «, is in the second per-
son; verbs ending in ¢ or y, are in the first

or second person; verbs ending in £, #,
n=, wy or #,in the third person; and those
terminating iny, are in the second and third
person.

In every conjugation the future of the in-
dicative is formed by adding the letter 4 to
the perfect, as, zaupthgf, I moved, 2uptk-
gly, 1 shall move. poeunf, I washed, paca
gbq, 1 shall wash. $&qb, I poured out, $b
gtig, I shall pour out. acuwy, I learned, ac.
wuyg, 1 shall learn.

PARTICIPLE

The participle is formed by adding to ©
the termination of the verb the particles ».
or oy (sign of the present), t;, (sign of the
past) ,-» or ,f (sign of the future).

As a verb it has tense, and as a noun,
cases and numbers.

Example.
PRESENT
Singular.

1.Q.pnq or gpoq, he who writes, or is
writing.

2. Qpaqf, of him who writes.

Be Dpoqh Or wx. gpagu ; to him who writes.

- A. q4paq, him who writes.

So

5. ’b Dpagt, from him who writes.
6. Q.paqu, by or with him who writes.

Plural.

1.4.po7e, those who write, or who are
writing. 7

2. Q.pnqusz, of those who write.

as Q.paqery OF wn gpngu, to those who
write.

A. q%paqu, those who write.

5.’ Qpaqusy, from those who write.

6. ().paquicp Or gpnqop » by or with those
who write.

PAS T

Singular.

1. 9.p£u,, written or wrote.

2. Qpkypy, of written.

3¢ Qpkyy OY an. gplrujh, to written.
4. gpl usu , written. ,

5. Gpkyy, from written.

6. GpE pad, by or with written.

Plural.

1. pbuyp, written or wrote.

2. Qpkyag, of written.

pl yng OY wr gplruye y to written.
4A. fVpleuye » written.

5.6 Gpkjoy, from written.

6. Opkypn].e, by or with written.

FUTURE

The future ending in jy, is declined only
with prepositions, as,

Singular.

1. 4.pkjag, to be written.
3. ’f Upkyag, to that to be written.
A. g4-pkyng, to be written.

Plural.

4. DpE ge» to be written.
3. Qpkypage, to that to be written.
Ae gbpkypagu » to be written.

The future terminated in ,4, is declined
thus,

Singular.

1. ph f, to be written.

2. Gpbyew, of that to be written.

3 Qphyery OF um gph, to that to be
‘written.

A. g%pkb, to be written.

Be ‘hs Q.phypegy ’ from that to be written.

6. Qpkjkun, by or with that to be written.

Plural.

1. V-pA ihe » to be written.

2. Q.phjfuy, of that to be written.

3s Qiph Fay or 'h epee yf » to that to be
written.

A. g%pkjfba, to be written.

a8
5.’ Q.pkjfuy , from that to be written.

6. pl Fup or gplylop , by or with that

to be written.

Specimen of the four conjugations of the

verbs regular with their moods, tenses,
numbers and persons.

INDICATIVE
Present.
Sing. Pers. Plur. — Pers.
1. Gupd-Ed—Eu-£ : Edlp-Fp—kh :
2. Leeush-wsl—uu-wy : ean tfpp—cssy ,p—usls °
oe Léq-ae 19 2.18— 118. « aw Ip—njp—nch«
4. f cuut—[ul—fu—fr- bp-fp—fu °
Imperfect.
1. Gap F—Ep-Ship bp Sup-bhp-t fi
2 e Lecwt—myf—uyf = QE e wy p—uyh p—ay fit e
3- Léq-ach—ocfip—-y ~ | newp—nefp—nefin
Ae (leuwt—LEp—Efp-Epe . £wp-Efp-Chi a2
Perfect.
2. Lecw—gh—gkp-pacung ° qup—ybp—glh-
3. ag kp dey. Ss &.
' Ae {} 1s— tela 9 th e_* piu p—uil *
Future.
' |. Guipd—kyfig—kagku-kugk. bagn.p—kufhp-kugkt .
2. Locus —ghg-ugku-ugk . ugne.p—u~hp—ugkh .
3+ Ley hg-ghug5 gotp-Lhe-gth-«

New—ayg—yfu- gf yore—Shp-gbl+

IMPERATIVE
Present.

4. Capt bus : Jp sup Fk ° Gupthykp P dj gupt Ep.
GarpFtkagk df sap thugk- Guptkhagkh, Uf snp Fhugkh,

‘§ 2. Leeuw ’ df pocwhug . Lecwgkp, dp powuwhunyp *
a Lecmugk , df Le ee Lecunugkh ’ dh: pocuugkh
3. Zy, df: Sfqecp: ZAgke » dp: shynep-
Lb yg his afi Sega Go 1 fi Skqgktn.
- AL (leofp, df: neuutbfiee Luu pit.p , , op ncuwhh °
fleugfi i neugh . leun fit , df: neugtihe
Future.
= 2. Gupthullip or gupta, GuipF bugicp » eupFEuvlip ’
ghu a 2upthuyk. gupFtbuykh
3. Lae usagi ef or pocwugka F Lecuwugnap 7 peer P
[ecu gE. pocuwuykh .

3. diate or Skqyliu, Skq. Lhyginp , Skyflip » Sky.
Kin

Ae Nevphie or neu pfs ; Neugeep, neuSfize OF mesuus_
aeogp ° bbflip, meuglih-

‘SUBJUNCTIVE
The present is formed like that of indicative.

Future.

A Geet -tobttgte-tgh: katie bake bot

2+ Lecwh—uyghl-ayghu-uygk » mygklp-uyg puget «
Je bq-acgned—ne gaeu—negnes acgoedp—negnep-nacgneh °

Ae Meaty fl-fgfu-pgb> bg belp-bghe-bgl'n-
INFINITIVE

1. Gupt-b,-

2. Lecut—uy >

3. Lég-aey *

ee + Mai ty or Eye

60

PARTICIPLE
ah Present.
Gaptoy Or GapFb gay: Lreugays Zéyay> Neuuiroy-
Past.

Gupthuys Lacugkay. Lkgkuy> leukuy-

Future.

Gupdlezng or Gut b&b z Lecwiyny or Lacuiusl .
Léquny or ‘Leal: flewwtbyng or | Par a

CONJUGATION OF SUBSTANTIVE VERBS

Defective verb &, I am.
INDICATIVE

Present.

G4; Lam, &£u, thou art. £, heis.
G£, we are. &p, ye are. £u, they are.

Imperfect.

bé> I Was. Eby ’ thou wasl. Ey he was. |
Lup, we were. She, ye were. S/n, they
were.

IMPERATIVE

‘p> be thou or do thou be.
kp) or Epdep, be ye or do ye be.

61
SUBJUNCTIVE

pykd; Lhe. pg&«, thou be. Ag ,he be.
bgkup, we be. Pyke, ye be. fgku, they be.

INFINITIVE
ty to be. :

PARTICIPLE
Past.
Gey,» been or having been.

Future.

b/7» which is to be, or about to be.

Comparing this verb with the verb 2ap_
¢£,,t0 move, of the first conjugation, it is
clearly seen, that its conjugation is the basis
of the latter.

Defective verb 4»»!, I am or I exist.
INDICATIVE
Present.

Qin, I am. yn y thou art. ayy he iS.
G.odp , We are. gap, ye are. gon, they are.

Imperfect.

Gybps thou wast. typ y he was.
q-afu, they were.

62
SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.

Q-ag6, he be, it may be, it would be.
Q-arg£%, they be, they may be.

INFINITIVE
4-7, to be, to exist.
PARTICIPLE
Present.
Q-yjaq» being. |
The deficiencies of this verb are supplied
by the means of the other substantive verbs.
The word s+ is used sometimes as a sub-
stantive verb, as, sfip bSuyp, I have no hus-
band, or I,am without a husband, or I am

not married. neuleuy pT. shies he has ne-
ver learned.

*

Substantive verb | Red I am made or
done.

INDICATIVE
Present.

Gaal, TY am made. Aqutifu, thou art
made. Aqui, he is made.

Gyetpdp, we are made. Eqwifp, ye are
made. Eyuifu, they are made. :

63
Imperfect.

Gautkp, Twas made, Fquakfp, thou wast
made. Equi, he was made.

Gytbup, we were made. E-quitl fp ; ye
were made. Aquik fu, they were made.

Perfect.

Ga& or Equy, I have been. Fgkp, thou
hast been. &qé., he has been.
Gaue, or Eqkup, we have been. Fg&p, or
Pet » yehave been. &4%, they have
een.

Future.

takyz» I shall be. Agfgfs, thou shalt be.
E-gbgf; he shall be.

IMPERATIVE

Present.

UP Equipe, be thou not. &ghgf, let him be.
bakpdce, be ye. fi Equip, be ye not.
E-ngfofitn, let them be.

SUBJUNCTIVE
The present is formed like that of the In-
dicative.
Future.

Gabgbf or Equinfgfrd, 1 shall be made. Egt_
gf, thou shalt be made. &gégf, he shall
be made. _

64

Gabglep or Equinfgfulp, we shall be made.

Falyfe, ye shall be made. Egtgfu, they
shall be made.

INFINITIVE
Gyuiuf, to be, to be made, to be done.
PARTICIPLE
Past.
&zFu, been, made, done, having been.
Future.
Gyuiuk png or Equiuk-yf , which is to be.

Substantive verb | #5 I am, I am made.
or done.

INDICATIVE
Present.

Lfifef, am. phtife, thou art. pbup, he is.
Lfafelp, we are. jfifp , ye are. ;fifir,
they are.
Imperfect.
Lfubp, 1 was. phubfe, thou wast. jbukp,
he was. -

Lfubup, we were. ;bikhp, ye were. puke
fu, they were.

65
Future.
Légft; 1 shall be. pégfu, thou shalt be. phgf>
he shall be.

Lég7sp> we shall be. wighe Ov jb9be» ye shall
be. ;f9/% , they shall be.

IMPERATIVE
Present.

lp, be thou. off pipe, be thou not. gbgf,
let him be.

lfe» or (Epc, » be ye. fi (life » be tet not.
jhgfim , let them be.

Future.

Lédtip or pbUupSlip or pbgfia, be thou. gbgfts
let him be.

Légeep, let us be. b9lip, or pbubPlie, be ye.
jigfiu , \et them be.

SUBJUNCTIVE
Present is like that of the Indicative.
Future.

1 fiepgbds | be or may be. ipgfs, thou be.
tlufgp, he be.

1 fufgfdp » we be. (lif: ghp » ye be. plufigfi ,
they be.

INFINITIVE

LftF,, to be.

3*

66
PARTICIPLE

Present.

| fing, being.

| Past.

[uy or bu, , been, haying been.
Future.

| fuk yay or pfu, which is to be.

FIRST CONJUGATION

Active C pdtp To move.

INDICATIVE

Ae+p'{? Ln - Present.

&
cox ited I move. areas thou movest.
zupthy he moves.
Guptidp, we move. REE Pt ye move.
a ral they move. :
ys Imperfect.
Tupth fr, I moved or was moving. unpre
Mes +f, thou movedst or wast moving, zap
er o£, he moved or was moving.
om TGupthup, we moved or were moving.
4 2upé bhp, ye moved or were moving, gue
evn bfu, they moved or were moving.

67

Y4de Perfect. ei

Guptkgp, | moved. guapéhgkp, thou mo-
_., Vedst. guptéhug,he moved. ©
betinnd Egup , we moved. gupdt E-ofp » ye moy-
| ed, 2zuptkgfi, they moved. at OM

As we have remarked above, the Preter-
perfect, and Preter-plu-perfect are not pro-
perly formed in the Armenian language, be-
cause when the necessity occurs, they are ,
accustomed to join the participle to the other |
tenses of the vert simmeanttte: | ene |

Bae Gee

Guptkafy , I shall move, qupdti-ugku, thou “
shalt move. 2apdéhugl, he shall move. “?~
Gupdkugup, we shall move. zuptkulfp,
ye shall move. zguapékugkt, they shall
move. 4
ta ta \ah &

M ser IMPERATIVE Ore ite

Present. ‘ais

Guptéu:, move thou. df 2up¢ékp, move
thou not. quptiugh , let him move.

Guptkylp, move ye. df 2upé£p, move ye

NOL. sup+Eugk'h, let them move.

The negative particle Jf, not, is also
placed with the third person of the present,
and before all the persons of the future in
every conjugation.

638
Future.
Guptkoflip or gupthogh's, move thou. 2up-
fE-ugl!, let him move.
Cups Fugicp ’ let uS smmove. guipd Eulip
move ye. gespt Eugkhh , let them move.
SUBJUNCTIVE

The present is like that of the Indicative.
Future.

Gupthgkd, 1 move, I may, might, could,
should, would move. p:upéfgku, thou
move, etc. 2up¢fyt, he move, ete.

Cupdthgidp, we move, etc. zupdhgkp, ye
move, etc. :updf/gka, they move, etc.

The future of the indicative, of the impe-
rative, and of the subjunctive from their af-
finity are adopted by turns in all the four
conjugations.

INFINITIVE

Gapt&,, to move.

PARTICIPLE
Present.
Gupd-ng OF geupckgeyz, moving, who. moves.
“Past.
Gupthuy oF oaspi Realetal 5 having moved.

69
Future.
Gupdtkjyoy, which has to move.

All the verbs active and neuter-active,
which in the first person of the perfect end
in £5! Or st, are thus conjugated; and also
the verbs Transitive ending in »yf.

Passive C »pdty To be moved.

The Passive of the. first conjugation is
formed by changing the ¢ in the last syllable
of the Active into BS the “f into Hm IS the fy
into «yy: besides a few other variations. —

INDICATIVE
Present.

Gupths, 1 am moved. zgupdéfu, thou art
moved. zap¢f, he is moved.

Gupthdp,we are moved. gupdtfp, ye are
moved. g:upéf/u, they are moved.

Imperfect.

Gapth fp, 1 was moved. zuapékfp, thou
wast moved. 2uptbyp Or gup¢fep, he was
moved.

GuptLup , we were moved. gust E hp , ye
were moved. zupdéf fiz, they were moved.

70
Perfect.

Guptkyuy, | have been moved. guapdéh
gusty thou hast been moved. upd Equi ,
he has been moved. ,

Guptkgup, we have been moved. gup¢-h_
guyp, ye have been moved. gupcékguit ,
they have been moved.

Future.

Gupt E-quiyy »1 shall be moved. quapht E-ugfu ’
thou shalt be moved. gap¢bugf, he shall
be moved. |

GuptEugnep , we shall be moved. guapid fa
She» ye shall bo moved. suptbugfi, they

shall be moved.

IMPERATIVE

Present.

Gupthulg OY puptkyfp, be thou moved.
ffi supthp, be thou not moved. gupéhu_
gl, let him be moved.

Gupdtk-guyiep, be ye moved. ff! rupchp,
be ye not moved. supp Lunghi , let them be
moved. 7

Future.

GuptEullip or guupt hSligr y be thou moved.
guiptEugft, let him be moved.

Gapdt Fugicp ; let us be moved. guspt hip
be ye moved. pupcékugft, let them be
moved.

71
SUBJUNCTIVE

Present is like that of the Indiéative.

Future.

Guptfgld, i shall be moved. guapt fof,
thou shalt be moved. guap¢fgf, he shall
be moved.

Gupthyfdp, we shall be moved. gupéf_
gle» ye shall be moved. zeapdéfgfi, they
shall be moved. .

INFINITIVE
GupFt fy or gupt Ey to be moved.

PARTICIPLE
Past.
Gauptiuy or quipdtEegkuy moved, being
moved.
Future.
GuptE& jag OF 2uptkif, which is to be
moved.

In this manner many Neuter-passive and
Common verbs are conjugated.

SECOND CONJUGATION
Active | »=«%«,, To wash.

INDICATIVE

Present.

Jocatial, I wash. pecan , thou washest.
poeuttay , he washeth.

Jocuttundp, we wash. pucuiiuyp, Ye wash.
pocuiiuils , they wash.

Imperfect.

Jocufinyf, Y washed or was washing. pacar
Guyfp, thou washedst or wast washing.
poeufiuyp , he washed or was washing.

| |reufimyarp, we washed or were washing.

pocuttuyhp, ye washed or were washing.

pucuituyfit, they washed or were washing.

Perfect.

Lacasgf, I washed. poral, thou washedst.
poeusy , he washed.

Jocmgmp, we washed. pacunfp, ye washed.
pocwy fis, they washed.

Future.

Loc aug py j shall wash. pocumyglto ihou shalt
wash. pocunugl, he shall wash.

facusugacp , we shall wash. pocuuSfs » ye
shall wash. poem Eh , they shall wash.

IMPERATIVE
Present and Future.

Jocui ’ pocuud lip » OF pocuugl'e ’ wash thou. fi
jocuiwa, Wash thou not, pacusugl’, let
him wash.

Jacuuygritp , let us wash. pocuglp » OF paemsu_
Slie, wash ye. pacumyl'n , let them wash.

~ SUBJUNCTIVE

Future.

Jocutiuygkd; wash, may wash, might wash,
I could, should, would wash. pacusiayglru ,
thou wash, eic. jacutuygl, he wash, etc.

Lacuttaygl dp » we wash. pocuituyg hp » ye
wash. pocustiuygkt , they wash.

INFINITIVE

Jacwius to wash.
PARTICIPLE

Present.
Jacasgag, washing, who washes.
Past.
Locugkuy, haying washed.
Future.
ocu‘tusjag, who has to wash.

Thus also are conjugated the verbs,
which in the first person of the Perfect ter-
minate in yw.

5

Th

Passive |] »=«%t., To be washed.
INDICATIVE
Present.

Locatifl, 1 am washed. jacu‘tfu, thou art
washed. jae, he is washed.

Locutifp, we are washed. jacwifp, ye are
washed. jacwi fi, they are washed.

Perfect.

FIL ELST ELI] | have been washed. pocugusy ;
thou hast been washed. pocungue ; he has
been washed.

Locusguip ; we have been washed. pecungusyp ;
e have been washed. jacusgust , they have
een washed.

Future.

Jocuguyy » I shall be washed. an
thou shalt be washed. jacumgf, he shall
be washed. ’ |

meuugnep, WE § all be washed. pocumblip ;

i ye shall be washed. sacwuy/i, they shall
be washed.

IMPERATIVE

Present and Future.

Jocus, pormgfip or pocuml |i ' be thou washed.

pocuug ft, let him be washed.

»

75
ocumgricp, let us be washed. pacumffip, be
ye washed. pacamyfii , ct them be washed.

SUBJUNCTIVE

Lacufiuyg ful, I may be washed. pocuiiauyy, uy
thou may est be washed. jacutuuygf, he
may be washed.

Jacutiuygfdp, we may be washed, pacufinuy_

~ gbe» may be washed. jacusimygfit , they

may be washed.
INFINITIVE
Lacwiif,, to be washed.
PARTICIPLE
Past.
Jecuglh-uy, washed.
Future.

[oc ufiuyf:, which is to be washed.

The Passives of the second ee
are not so harmonious to the ear, whence
they are sometimes formed by means of the
verbs substantive, or the actives are adopted
with a passive sense.

THIRD CONJUGATION

Active Sty,» To pour out.
INDICATIVE

Present.

ff qu; 1 pour out. gégqeeu, thou pourest
out. $&gaz, he pours out.

2fqndp, we pour out. $fqacp, ye pour
oul. $&qac%, they pour out.

_ Imperfect.

2&quf,\ poured out or was pouring out.
Séqacfp, thou pour’dst out or wast pou-
ring out. ¢£qy,, he poured out or was
pouring out.

2i-quup, we poured out or were pouring
oul. $£-qachp, ye poured out or were pour-
ing out. 9&qa-fz, they poured out or
were pouring out.

Per fect.

2£of, 1 poured out. g&qép, thou pour’dst
oul. £Siq or $7, he poured out.

2fqup, we poured out. s4ghp, ye poured
oul. $&f%, they poured out.

Future.

2h-qbg,1 shall pour out. ¢4qg&«, thou shalt
pour out. $4qg4, he shall pour out.

ae rea

77

EEqgup, we shall pour out. s/he» ye
shall pour out. $4qg&%, they shall pour
out.

IMPERATIVE

Present and Future

bbq) SEqplips or S&qgku, do thou pour oul.
df S&qaep, do thou not pour out. skqgF,
let him pour out.

Lk qgdep, let us pour out. s&ake, or oq
Sie, do ye pour out. fi $&q.p, do ye not
pour out. $éqgé%, let them pour out.

SUBJUNCTIVE
Future.

LE qaegacJ; 1 pour out, I may, might, could,
should, would pour out. $&qacgacu, thou
pour out, etc. Géqaegae, he pour out, etc.

Li-qacgncdp, we pour oul, etc. SF qncgnce »
ye pour out, $&qacga-%, they pour out.

INFINITIVE
Liga, to pour out.
PARTICIPLE
Present.
LE-qnq, pouring out.
Past.
Sf-qkuy, having poured out.

78
Future.
2&qung, who has to pour out.

In this manner also are conjugated the
verbs which in the first person of the
Perfect terminate in #) or tw.

Passive <t7+t1, To be poured out.

INDICATIVE
Present.

2 quinful, 1 am poured out. $&qutifu, thou
art poured out. $&usif, he is poured out.

SF quitflp, we are poured out. 9hquinfp,
ye are poured out, ¢4quéfu, they are
poured out.

Perfect.

2fquy, I have been poured out. géqup,
thou hast been poured out. ¢&quze, he
has been poured out.

2fqup, we have been poured out. $F quyps
ye have been poured out. $&qui, they
have been poured out. |

Future.

E-quyg, 1 shall be poured out. ¢$&qgfu,
: thou shalt be potired out. $£qg9f, he shall
be poured out. .
2i-qgu.p,we shall be poured out. sé 7Pfp,
ye shall be poured out. $4q9/u, they
shall be poured out.

79
IMPERATIVE

Ek glip or S&qgfiu, be thou poured out.
Sk-qyf', \et him be poured out.

Lk quyiep or S&qfligsbe ye poured out.
Si-ngf'u, let them be poured out.

INFINITIVE

2£f-quiufy,, to be poured out.

PARTICIPLE
Past.
2 ykuy, poured out.
Future.
Ln, which is to be poured out.

The deficiencies of the third conjugation
passive are supplied from it’s active.

FOURTH CONJUGATION

Common verb (}-««*t,, To learn.

INDICATIVE

Present.

(\eautefl, | learn. acuustefus y thou learnest.
ocuuif, he learns. |

QleumBfdp, we learn. acuuitsfip ye learn.
ouuiifii, they learn.

80
Imperfect.

Qeouwtlf, 1 learned or was learning. ewes
aLpp, thou learnedst or wast learning.
newuttp, he learned or was learning.

{\cvwtlap, we learned or were learning.
nuuitkhp, ye learned or were learning.
nemutl fn, they learned or were learning.

Perfect.

flew, Lhave learned. samp, thou hast
learned. uu, he has learned.

(\eump, we have learned. scvuyp, ye have
learned. acuuwt, they have learned.

Future.

Q\leeuyg, 1 shall learn. aceghe, thou shalt
learn. acugf, he shail learn.

— fJeugarp, we shall learn. muSlip ye shall

learn. ocuyfir, they shall learn.

IMPERATIVE >

Present.

Neufip » learn thou. elf ncuuitsfyp y learn thou
not. scuv9f, let him learn. }

Q\euupricp do ye learn. ffi neuuitfyp ’ do ye

~ not learn. acugf'%, let them learn. |

Future.

NeuDlips or acuutpSlip learn thou. acunfi,
let him learn.

81

Nlevgdep, let us learn. acuffip or acauiufPlip 5
do ye learn. acug/%, let them learn.

SUBJUNCTIVE

The Present is like that of the Indicative.

Future.

\\euuipopd, 1 learn, may, might, could,
should, would learn. acuutifryfs thou
learn, etc. acuutipgf, he learn, ete.

lewuBpgfdp, we learn. acuwipgfp, ye learn.
nuwipgft, they learn.

INFINITIVE
[leu fry » or neuuitley to learn.

PARTICIPLE
Present.
{\euuiag, learning, who learns.

Past.
N\leokuw,, having learned.
Future.
Qeuutbjpng OY acvutul-f, who has to learn.

Thus are also conjugated the common
verbs which in the first person of the Per-
fect terminate in 4~,.

They are at the same time active and
passive.

5*

82
Conjugations of the Irregular verbs.

ACTIVE
INDICATIVE

Present.

Yank, 1 make. wna%ku, thou makest. an
ab, he makes.

Urikdp, we make. antkp, ye make. wn

. tku , they make.

Perfect.

Upeuph, I have made. supply y thou hast
made. «up, he has made.

INFINITIVE

U.aE,, to make, to do.

PARTEOIOLE
Present. |
Upeupog or wnSing, making, who makes.
Past.
Ugepl-u,, haying made, making.
Future.

UGE jag, who has to make.

83

PASSIVE
INDICATIVE

Present.

UeGful; I am made. wa%fu, thou art made.
wn, he is made.

Ueufulp, we are made. uniifp, ye are made.
unhfi, they are made.

Perfect.

Uyuyuy, T have been made. wpupasp , thou
hast been made. apaynue, he has been
made.

Upupmp , we have been made. wpurxpuyp , ye
have been made. upupuis, they have
been made.

INFINITIVE
UzGf,, to be made.
PARTI oIpLE
Past. .
Upeupkuy, ( not ayupk-gkuy ) made.
Future.
Urtkyf or wniskpng , which is to be made.

84
ACTIVE

INDICATIVE
| Present. |
uk; I put. guke, thou putst. 2u£, he puts.
‘pulp, we put. gikp, ye put. gith, they
put. |
- Perfect.

Geb, T have put. Agfp or Eykn, thou hast.
‘put. £7, he has put.

Geue, we have put. Azfe, ye have put.
Ey fi, they have put.

INFINITIVE
‘ik, , to put, to place.
PARTICIPLE
Present.
Pio, putting.
| Past.
Gzu, having put.
Future.
‘pik jag, who has to put.
PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

uff, 1 am put. gifu, thou art put. up,
he is put.

85

‘hipdp, we are put. gufp, ye are put. gufi,
they are put. |

Per fect.

Geuy, I have been put. Egewp, thou hast
beenfput. Azuue., he has been put.

Geuwp, we have been put. Fguyep, ye have
been put, Agu, they have been put. _

INFINITIVE =
if,» to be put.
PARTICIPLE
Past.
bea, (not zphgtu; ) put.
Future.
ik-b or gulyag, which is to be put.
ACTIVE
INDICATIVE

Present.

Je&d; 1 hear. jwku, thou hearest. juf, he
hears.

lwkdp, we hear. juke, ye hear. juka, they
hear. »

Perfect.

[ocuy I heard, pocurpy thou heard. poe,
he heard. |

86

Jace, we heard. gacayp, ye heard. pacusi,
they heard.

INFINITIVE
lv£,, to hear.
PARTICIPLE
; Present.
waz, hearing, who hears.
Past.
]ec&uy, having heared, hearing.
Future.
Jwk jag, who has to hear.

PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
Present.

Joful; I am heard. jufu, thou art heard. uf,
he or it is heard.

~ lupdp, we are heard. jufp, ye are heard.

wef, they are heard.

~ Perfect.

Is formed by means of the Substantive ©
verb, as, :
LocEuy , wkyb ’ acy Or sac Eyl, I have
been heard. pac k-uy E-qkp, thou hast been
heard. pfu &gt., he has been heard.

87

LocFuy; Ets acp OP pac E-quip ; we have
been heard. jackuy Eq&p, ye have been
heard. pacEuy &-q&%, they have been heard.

INFINITIVE
lef, to be heard.
PARTICIPLE
Past.
Joc fuy, heard.
Future.
JuE,f, which is to be heard.

This verb is also regular.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

Ruttauskwl, I know. Nuits Eu ’ thou know-
est, Atminusk , he knows. |

Autinuskdp we know. NiusttuusEp ye know.
Nusinuskt , they know.

Perfect.

Quiik-uy , 1 have known. Suid-wp , thou hast
known. SwHl-ux., he has known.

Quiil-up, we have known. Swthkuyp, ye

_. have known. dwifuin , they have known.

88
IMPERATIVE

Auitius£,, to know.
PARTICIPLE
Present.
Auiuusog, knowing, who knows.
Past.
Qutinegl-uy, having known.

Future.

Awiuskyog, who has to know.

PASSIVE
INDICATIVE
Present.

Autnusful, 1am known. Xwinusfu, thou art
known. Aiuwinssf, he is known.

Aufinasfolp, we are known. Xuiushp, ye
are known. %aaush%, they are known.

Perfect.

Qutimgkuy Ege, have been known. du
tacgkuy kgkp, thou hast been known.
Suttacykuy bg, he has been known.

Qutiacgkuy Equp, we have been known.
Suitneghuy k-gkp, ye have been known.
Suineghuy E-gku, they have been known.

89.

INFINITIVE
Au‘inusf,, to be known.
PARTICIPLE

Past.
Yuiunc glu known.

This verb is also regular.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE

Present.

Whqutiskd, 1 sin. dé&-quitsku, thou sinnest.
H-quinsk, he sins.

WE quitskudp, we sin. di-quinskp, ye sin. dk
quitsslt y they sin.

Perfect.

Wkquy, 1 have sinned. /&qup, thou hast
sinned. «qu, he has sinned.

UWkqup, we have sinned. /-quyp, ye have
sinned. /-qui, they have sinned.

INFINITIVE
WEquinsk,, to sin.
PARTICIPLE
Present.
| PE quiisnq, sinning, who sins.

90
Past.
We gqaugkuy having sinned.
Future.
WF quinskjag, who has to sin.

This verb is also regular.

NEUTER
INDICATIVE

Present.

Buntkd; I rise. yurit-u , thou risest. juin.
ue, he rises.

Sunikip, we rise. yunikp, ye rise. jum
uk , they rise. |

Perfect.

Supkuy, 1 have been risen, I rose. jus
gFwp, thou hast been risen. juphu, he
has been risen.

Seupl-up , we have been risen. Jul uyp y
ye have been risen. jupkuim, they have
been risen.

IMPERATIVE

Uf, rise thou. «ft yunilep, rise thou not.
Uple» rise ye. df yuntkp , rise ye not.
INFINITIVE

Sunil, to rise, to get up.

Se eee, ee ae

91
PARTICIPLE

Past.
Supacgkuy, risen, having been risen.
Future.
Sunikpg , who is to rise.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE
Present.

Sant; I give. ume, thou givest. unuy » he
gives.
Sunfp, we give. unuy.p» Ye give. units y they
give. ;
Per fect.
Gan, I have given. Fuacp, thou hast given.
Ew, he has given.
So.mp, we have given. Eump, ye have
given. Funm%, they have given.
INFINITIVE
Suzy» to give. |
PARTICIPLE
Present.
Sacnq, giving, who gives.
Past.
Sacfuy, having given.

92
Future.

Sug, who has to give.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.

Sac uy pluful; I am given. Te ie plifu ’
thou art given. wackuy ,f%p, he is given.
Sukuy jfipdp, we are given. wmkuy pb

hp; ye are given. wnacl-usy j[itfit they
are given.

Perfect.

Sacuy, I have been given, wacump, thou hast
been given. waewe, he has been given.
Socmp, We have been given. macupp, Ye

1P J
have been given. wneuwt, they have been
given.

INFINITIVE
Sakuy ful, to be given.
PARTICIPLE
| Past.
Sockusy, given.
Future.
Sut, which is to be given.

at i i i I il et

| 93
NEUTER |
INDICATIVE

Present.

Quant; L come. zuu, thou comest. guy» he
cometh.

Quunfp, we come. guyps ye come. gui,
they come.

Perfect.

4b, 1 was come. F4fp, thou wast come.
Eiji, he was come.
G4up, we were come. F4fp, ye were come.
ELfu, they were come.

INFINITIVE

G-u,, to come.

PARTICIPLE
Past.
G4bu,, come, being come.
Future.
Q.27, who is to come.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE
Present.

leuk; I eat, acunku, thou eatest. nacmk ;
he eats.

94

Newhdp, we eat. mnkp, ye eat. ankir,
they eat.

Perfect.

Gbps or KE pus » I have eaten. hE nkp » Or hE
gps thou hast eaten. £44 p, or 4& jue,
he has eaten.

YFpup, we have eaten. hEpuyp, or hephp,

ye have eaten. 4&pf% or 4k put, they
have eaten.

INFINITIVE
{\ewé,, to eat.

PARTICIPLE
Present.
poz, eating, who eats.
Past.
plu, eating; having eaten.
Future.
N\eunk-yng , who has to eat.

PASSIVE

INDICATIVE
Present.

N\eenful, 1 am eaten. aeunfu, thou art eaten.

| acunfs he is eaten.

f\eunfedfp , we are eaten. nciunfip ye are eaten.
amp, they are eaten.

te ee

Hs)
Perfect.

Yfpkuy F_l, I have been eaten. hE pleas
Et, thou hast been eaten, 4&phuy Eqh,
he has been eaten.

kpkuy Equp, we have been eaten. 4&-
pu, Eqkp, ye have been eaten, 4k pha
Eka, they have been eaten.

INFINITIVE
f\emf,, to be eaten.
PARTICIPLE
Past.
GE pfu, eaten.
| Future.
Nlewk-f or 4Ep,f, which is to be eaten.

ACTIVE

INDICATIVE

Present.
CiigkS, 1 drink. pefyku, thou drinkest. put
mE, he drinks.
Pilinkdp, we drink. puigkp, ye drink, pit
uli y they drink.

Perfect.

Ucebs L drank. wpebp, thou drankest. ape.
or Supe, he drank.

Ugewp, we drank. wpefp, ye drank. ap.
efi, they drank. "

96
INFINITIVE
(wiyk,, to drink.
PARTICIPLE
(shige, drinking, who drinks,
Past.

Ciliykuy or Ugebwz,, drunk or drunken;
having drunk.

Future.
(lily, who is to drink.

The passive is formed with a Substantive
verb.

COMMON
INDICATIVE

Present.

NeupS; 1 take, acifu, thou takest. otf,

he takes.
\euprlp , we take. aciafrp ye take. ach ;
they take.

Perfect.

Yayuy, | have taken, 4eayup, thou hast
taken. 4usyu, he has taken.

Yuya, we have taken. fuyuye, ye have
taken. 4usuit, they have taken. |

puta, they went or they are gone.

97
INFINITIVE

N\eiky, to take, to have.
PARTICIPLE
Present.
(\-inq, taking, having, who has.
7 Past.
Yuku, taken, had ; taking, having.
Future.

Q\eik;f or ncukpng, who has to take or to
have.

NEUTER

INDICATIVE
Present.

belt-anl; 1 go. Ep[d-um, thou goest. EplFay, -
he goes. ~
belF undp » WE 20, Ep[d-uyp, ye £0. Ep[duit ,
they go.
Perfect.

Qapay, OY saguy, | went or Lam gone. ga_
pup, thou wentest or art gone. sepuc,
he went or is gone.

Qupup, we went, etc. sapuyp, ye went, sn

6

98 Rae
INFINITIVE

Geld, to go. |
PARTICIPLE
Present.
Gelt-aq, going, who goes.
Past.
beld-fu, gone; going.
Future.
bpld-uyag or Ep[d-uf, who is to go.

VERBS IMPERSONAL

Those verbs are called Impersonal which
are used only in the third person, as,

Uy, it begins to cloud.

Uap, it rains.

Gok , it rains little.

Lf qk qunl,, it comes pouring, it runs over.
Qfrat, it snows.

Aung uy[P, , it shines.

Ueuouwl,, it begins to be day-light.
Wee » it blows very hard.
Payyunuh EF ’ it lightens.
Qaquekpl, it produces fruit.
x%;E, it bellows, it roars.
Yughundl , it howls.

fran, it bellows, it roars.

wan

99

Ug, it clears up.

Ueunomuiiuy ,» it dawns.

Gok feyutiy , it darkens.

Q./2kputiuy , it is become night.

Jocuuiiny , it brightens.

Jose puitiay » it Srows dusky.

2 puttuy » it kindles.

(\pouay ’ it thunders.

Usp, itis reported, they say. 4 4~

Grkf» it appears, it seems. 4 rm MMe

(onc f, it seems. AS Woe
upSf, tis believed, it is thought. ¢ Bar aho.
Ju, it is noised abroad. Satin ce
Lesuutul: OY Susnmutifr, it happens, it falls out, |
Manne, it happens. nt agen *
Lutigfup, it happens. <4 95 e Ye
Qfunf, it must, it behoves. 4. de
Suck or gucfs : it pains. ‘ iss
Wal &, it becomes, it is fit. BY;
Updult £, it is convenient, it becomes.
YUSimp &, it is impossible.
Piuperp &, it is good, it is well.
Jofew E, it is hard.

ull E, or hutdp ku, it is wished, it wills.
Euiph, &, it must, it is necessary. —

—

—
—
A

Wuipld E, it may be. i : te
Buipn &, it is clear. AA ts
Zuln &, it is enough, it sufficies. “~~
Nuspun E, it must. Att AL ’ $55,
Wal, &, it is fit, itis proper. ¥ se

UYLunp Eb , it must, if is necessary. Wye
Opkit & or ophip bi, ’tis lawful, it allows.
rei £3 Cs hae

| TTR { ood
J ite."

‘7

100 ie, > ot ““ Re
i(J- £, it is cared for. \ i ge Bete
Opel E, it is expedient: B*

"h zhu E, it is suitable, it is convenient, it
becomes, it is fit.

: ¥ oF
=

PREPOSITION

A preposition is an indeclinable word or
particle which placed before a noun changes
either it’s case, or it’s signification.

The prepositions which change the cases
of nouns are called Formers of cases.

The prepositions which change the mean-
ing of nouns by governing their cases, are
called Rulers of cases.

Prepositions ’},),’s y and #— ’s form the
Dative and the Ablative.

{3}, y are placed before the vowels.

|" forms the Dative.

, forms the Dative. Before a consonant
it is pronounced sp, as, yey.

forms the Accusative. Before a con-
sonant it was formerly pronounced 4¢, but
at present it is pronounced ¢4-

(‘«. forms the Dative and the Ablative.

According tothe modern usage the Prepo-
sitions forming the cases j,4 and 4 are writ-
ten prefixed and joined to nouns, and the
others detached from them.

101

A COLLECTION OF PREPOSITIONS

Uz» an.'f, to, unto, towards, at: by, near,
nigh: for, 2 the sake, on account: on, —
upon: under: against: amongst. govern
the dative, the genitive, and the instru-
mental cases. :

(iy, with: by: instead: for: under: between:
to, unto, towards: on, upon: amongst. go-
verns the genitive, the dative, the abla-
tive, and sometimes the instrumental.

(un, according: for: out: without: after. go-
verns the genitive, the dative, and the
ablative.

9 pg. or q&epld-, as, like. governs the accu-
sative.

bees beple or bepac, as, like, about. govern
generally the accusative. .

(uwpy or [Puhy, without, out, unless. go-
verns the genitive.

Yuut , for, in order to, concerning. governs
the genitive.

‘Pui, than, much. governs the accusative.

Gils see Puy:

UW/ts or dfs, till, untill, to, unto. governs
the dative with a preposition.

Luitgkp&, with, by. governs the instru-
mental.

4p, over, above, upon, more, before, past.

governs generally the accusative, and

sometimes the dative.
6*

102

M£u, as, like, governs the genitive and the
dative.

Q-aciul,, as, like. governs the genitive and
the dative.

4; towards. governs the dative.

You or 4agifs, towards. govern the dative-
with-preposition.

Qunf, till, untill, unto. governs the instru-
mental.

Garp), pac pPutinuhfs, about, around. govern
the circumdative.

Ugeupu, mupunurpry out. sovern the geni-
tive or the accusative with sm.

Ppafuuts, ffausiush, instead, mbehalf. govern
the genitive.

‘vepey or ’b tippy, under. govern the ge-
nitive.

’h dEpuy, on, upon. governs the genitive.

’h dip, depy or ’b fEpry, over, above. go-
vern the dative, or the accusative with
purl o

’h JEP or ’f pit, in, into, in the middle,
within, between, amongst. govern the ge-
nitive. —

'h WhPa, from the middle. governs the ge-
nitive.

’h hn, by. governs the genitive.

Soph, as, like, governs the genitive.

OSkin, Skinfp, ghup, after, behind. govern
the genitive.

Sagqugu OF usqusyuse ; for, for the sake, be-
cause of. govern the genitive.

: + ee ee a ee on ee

103

, Pp agunnXMuaw OF apumNunue, for, for the

sake, because, of. govern the genitive.

"hb Sunfiup, on account, for. governs the ge-
nitive.

UYushu orf uuhe, because of, for, on ac-
count. govern the genitive.

’h wkuw, for. governs the genitive.

Gull or pug ws, ON the right side. £0-
vern the genitive.

"h Ausf! or pur &usfull, yusEye or pur
uSi4b, on the left side. govern the ge-
nilive. AAG

Pius OY euyg, out, without, besides, except.
govern the ablative.

Sunn, aside. governs the ablative.

Zkaf, far, far off: governs the ablative.

Quaqin, secretly. governs the ablative.

Nps, apart, aside. governs the ablative.

‘ftuic, God forbid. governs the ablative.

Lacy, dips, dom, near, nigh, by. govern
the dative.

fz, conjoint, connected, with. governs the
dative.

Oz, joint, with. governs the dative.

‘dius , like. governs the dative.

Luhunmh, against. governs the dative.

ofuuplh, instead of. governs the dative.

Usui, without, out, besides, unless. go-
verns the genitive. |

Uempfr.in front, before. governs the genitive.

Gummy, before, from before. governs the
genilive. |

104

[iz usw), against. governs the genitive.

CA/PEp or uapi[Pkp, near, mgh, by. go-
vern the genitive and the dative.

(iz7£s, against. governs the genitive and
the dative.

VEL pag kd; pkl? yutiiy fubiatis, Subay been ,
in front, against, opposite. govern the ge-
nitive and the dative.

Bung flu, before, in front. governs the ge-
nitive and the dative.

Us uit flisitn Or usar putin [rss ’ bef ore,
in front, evidently, publicly. govern the

. genitive and the dative.

WE facuf:, apart, aside. governs the ablative.

Suyulae,on this side. governs the genitive.

G7 4iyu or puypulas » ON that side ; beyond,
behind. govern the genitive.

Sunm? hay, forwards. governs the geni-
tive.

Shun hry, back, backward, behind. governs
the genitive.

’h d&p ho, onward. governs the genitive.

"bP quyp Yayo, downward, downwards. go-
verns the genitive.

poy fepy or gh ph f&prys above, higher,
over than, govern the dative and the abla-
tive.

Ape, as, like. governs generally the ac- .
cusative.

be patsy’ fepy puts, ele t dey pul,

above, higher, over than, govern the aceu-

salive.

105

Uaeueky puts, over, above, more than. go-
verns the accusative.

Uigp put, beyond, further. governs the ac-
cusative.

Sunw) putt OF tufu puit before, first than.
govern the accusative.

Upuupy put Or supp put , out. than.
govern the accusative. |

Skuny pair, after than. governs the accu-
sative.
Some prepositions are rarely placed after

ihe nouns.

ADVERB

An Adverb denotes the circumstances of a
verb, or of an action.

A COLLECTION OF ADVERBS

Utd way S-shie » aesptegy quay fr » how, at
present, actually, newly, recently.

Uj¢44%, already, hence, from this time.

U.j4op or ‘fs ul-phE-uit ; 'f ub ph East uIL AL fy
to-day, in this day.

Yuqgfr, to-morrow.

Gk or ykpk hu, yesterday.

Geaing or prauiiyts, the day before yes-
terday.

[uy Epl4u, in the evening, towards the
evening.

106

Vek ebs ebokpuju or yefakpuju, by night,
in the night, in the night time.

OdhJuenepe. » at noon-day.

Yuq pul, early, betimes.

Ujgeort OP eayyncg y in the morning,

Yargq a_pliin, furnace. hu, hb ED | ’ alreardy.

BuyulSbink oY uayuncShunl , henceforth,
henceforward, hereafter.

Sopll slink , since.

BE uny ; ghifr , CLs LAY ULE after, after ape

breFiti or di-p[F-, sometimes, now and then,
from time to time.

ber, Ene.» ptaud, lfins when, while,
whilst.

Vion » puss pupetanl, LL gubul ;
ypald, yuukin, always, ever, conti-
nually, every moment, evermore, for ever,
eternally.

Fn, alr n. hu, unushyeuse fits y yet, still.

Uhisgka, wju fus, when, while, whilst, as
long as. |
Ufisi, till, untill.

OL, sh hu; elfigsle. not, not yet, not
as yet.

Sujit unt, then.

Hus; id-unf; till then.

Wdunlir iujis, ofudunhujn, anjfuS kun, forth-
with, very soon, in a moment, immediate- °
ly, incontinently.

Sulthups, puthup Sneun, bdr neslcigiBon sud-
denly, on a sudden, all of a sudden,
unawares, in an unexpected manner.

107

Upews Enpugumbu, efrry[d , soon, as soon
as, quickly, speedily, readily.

a Qe hastily, in haste.

Zacy Sacupypiy sacs presently, shortly,
by and by, forthwith.

Lumfie., Supe. pili, scarce, scarcely.

buhay, pul L. ful immediately, incontinent-
ly, forthwith, instantly.

Usuguit , uur wits ac ple if ’ late, unseason-
ably.

Nep oc pli, scarcely, rarely.

Sushuse ’ enustyase anes fps. » est. wus ty eese. wurst ’
by little and little, by degrees.

Yeu or muitos , here.

Usunlt, hence; here ; in this world.

UYyunfr, wuuneom, hence, from hence.

U.yer> here. .

U.jee4t, here, hitherward; by this way:

U.s/, thence, from thence.

Ue» mypyputtoy , there.

Ur?» wiley ps wil uibop or witunulos 5 there.

Uuz4u, thence, there: forthwith.

ULunf , wilepneon ’ thence, therefrom.

UZ pump, thence, from, since.

Sus u hnyus on this side.

Bujthoys, on that side.

Upeupe, 'f et out, abroad.

bp ikppu, tkppy, within, inwardly.

Li nf, ‘hs emg) 'h gurglrusy far, afar, far
off.

"h Geugocum ; 'f SFauumouiil, , from afar P
froma great distance.

108

Yon, 'f dowry, near, nearly, at hand,
closely.

Yungl , fh unople 'f dfunyp below, under,
hereunder, beneath.

'h gEp, ’b kp atigp, up, upon, above,
hereupon. :

hb f&pacmn, from above.

fey» me puilop ’ where.

fleg npkp, where.

Qleunkp, from some place.

Udit neunkp , from every places.

GusnuPry puny) haul, , from before.

Gunny, after, back, backward, behind.

BEiunacum ’ peu faculty ’ hs [(Ffhuiig i from
behind.

Ba, J hazy; per mts where, which
way.

U.yere» somewhere else, elsewhere, in
another place.

U.ypocum 1 elsewhere, from another
place. |

Ufattqgud, usm. ne dh, wn. dp tary,
once, at one time.

Gedy» twice.

Geb: thrice.
Qopfge , four times over.

Ling fqu, five times over.

jAgpgu, six limes over.

‘Luz, Dasfu unuSlit , Td first, at
first, the first time, in the first place, at
the beginning, before.

belenpe) unyu , secondly, after, then.

409

UP — dpe, one — another, first — in the se-
cond place. és

‘Pp atipgu, putipge wig unl, how often, how
much time, how many times.

Pagaed ust usd y meauhf ’ pusXus furs hfs ’
yrgiuhfs, oft, often, mostly, many or se-
veral limes, frequently.

Wh pow png, one afler another, order ly. .

WA gut qi, one more than another.

Pafsufuuhus, fioupofs, by turns, recipro-
cally, interchangeably, mutually.

dfin qSkul,, successively, one after an-
other.

ph, dphuahf, doubly, twice.

‘perpdE uy, fE-puennfits ’ dhrwustig ants elvaot
again, moreover, once more. |

'h fe ppl or ‘fb dépIq, last, lastly, at last.

Ge ls Rs SEL, afl, cuales be
uit » fast Er ’ JSYt uu ’ Ep nel,
unfris, Why? wherefore? for why? for
what reason? |

OfPus , what? which? is

Ofuipy, ep, spybe, how? in what man-
ner? why?

Vis nis ueeuphe , is it not?

‘Pui fst, how much?

b., fe febe, by which? how?

UP, Hele —E(AE, or — either?

(\°cuu, from whence?

Gre yootua, when ?

Uy» yes.

Upeqpuplk ’ Jbpurh » Sucuuink-ue , prerae ;

110

ufuenezin, truly, verily, certainly, surely,
indeed, in truth, assuredly, infallibly, un-
doubtedly, justly, really.

Yupfi pu), very well.

Unyupht , apykop, truly, verily.

Ng ea prigy gon gky almost, nearly, as
it were, pretty near.

(0% & eu, so, thus.

Qacghs gacgh (AG, erg kpekp, (Pkpha,

wpylop y byl [JE , iL afr, perhaps, lest,
it may be.

VHS, of! mpykop, may it be.

9, ds, no, not.

Ge «s, nor, neither.

{}‘s 44, no more. |

N's eho, abil fir is never, by no means.

fis fus, nothing.

Uys 44,no more.

WE) ffi eta, lft Epe kp s lt plo, lft bebe
no, not, never, by no means.

(0% wile p ’ forbear.

‘Pu/e, God forbid, forbear.

What » E.E{d, poh »unuly, only, but.

Uhuyinul , dpuyts pry. dpusft , singly, solely.

UWA» df» one by one.

WE focof: ’ acpojl A wn wilad fut ’ ussite dares lyf ;
apart, aside, asunder, separately, singly;
particularly.

Usui, behold, lo, see, there.

U.sarunuph or aemufrly , behold, here.

Ugucun ph or aucun hl ’ behold, there.

Uisucutfh or ucuiiph, there behold:

= —s CC

Ail
ul icitacre exttsryg tut hers tacsse asiterg. ’ wusjts af,
pub ; wunuetk-y infty m (Tous y rather,
more, than, nay, chiefly.
pula, by my-self.
“P-Egba, by thy-self.
W462, by our-selves.
Qk 4b%, by your-selves.
ee from since, from this time.
ypufia , by himself.
ia almost, quite, totally.
Ppapapadfit or enpopod{ide ’ wholly ’ totally,
entirely.
Yanhiue OV huslinff, voluntarily, willingly.
bre&e» ever, at any time.
ficp&e, in some;'place.
Q\eump, whence, from whence.
Ypf/, too, much, most, too much.
bepadt, by himself.
Qf, freely, for nothing, gratis.
\etgimhfp, violently, vehemently.
Yogifinuhp , side-ways, obliquely.
Neqquhp, directly, perpendicularly, in a
straight line.
QEauadpunf, with or by hand.
‘Louitiugf ; with as sign.
U.gegf, by or with ‘kicking.
Luylkpht or Saykgf, in Armenian.
Geruyk gk pou ; ing Hebrew.
2phupki, in the Jewish language.
Sacinuplt ,in Greek.
Ui utie ash alive.

Uggedt-& , nationally, with whole family.

112
UME Gh fl , wholly, totally. i
“pfre pune or SF ounkrus , easily, readily, with-
out trouble, at leisure.

* Feu, totally, almost, ever. eth a
Joes, severely, cruelly, rudely, hardly.
Yutfuex., before, beforetime, formerly.
Azghe, exactly, sparingly.

Agviupnf, truly, indeed, really, certain-

y- ,

Whylnf{, softly, gently, slowly, mildly,
quietiy, peaceably.

Pieupenp or gupenpuyee , well, rightly.

’h eu, naturally, by nature, radically, ori-
ginally.

fe aL or jummuypneg before, already,
primitively, formerly. |

"h chesssts b- ’ partly, in part.

84¢, loo, much, too much, very much,
most. ;

Zupduif, worthily, justly. |

: YJacuc owner or uit oun y in the morning.

Suis, exceedingly, excessively, immo-
derately, extremely. 7

Veep ehopbt: » diupylpang » diupylanybe s
humanly, as a man. |

U,penupacom, from without, outwardly.

Bujud Skok, thenceforth, thenceforward.

‘Lojtisenf, so much, so many.

UW fattgunhujn , at once, together.

Ip Supleutigfh, superficially, carelessly...

Upurg upusy., fast, hastily, quickly, speedily,

soon. :

se ae

:

113

Npubu, as, how.

equity opemup» opzstn, as.

Lunfspli, totally, wholly, altogether.

(iz fuyp, in vain, needless, to no purpose.

UV yeteeypy » diversly, otherwise, contrarily.

Cig udu, altogether, totally, wholly.

Gee put gu, more and more.

Ujeube, uojiinGe SO, in this manner.

UVoypakes pute, so, thus in that man-
ner.

UL jue, LajumGu , thus, in that manner.

‘Udiviauml-u, in like manner, so, thus. |

‘Uejtopfiush , alike, SO, thus.

UWhopftmh, alike, equally, in the same
manner.

Dhapzs opal glu y as, like how.

Onpopfiuuh , as, for example.

Qupusup, badly, sadly, ill, miserably ,
cruelly.

Uynebe s aypuggapeusy y diversly, other-
wise.

Buywip, juyotiuylu, evidently, clearly,
openly, publicly.

WEL ft, di-fuopkt, explicitly, plainly, open-

ly, elearly.

[ox fb yor, publicly, openly.

arden "fe Sustnah, y Sus hesipizine; ‘qetfie-
fupwpep , secretly, in secret, under hand.

Leb bu, fh fifi, silently, tacitly, quietly.

‘fe pugep ’ easily. ,

fioip, eotupup, forcibly, by force, vio-
lently.

114

tocupur, hardly, not easily, scarcely.

pb Suphb , Sephue, necessarily, inevitably.

Buhuntue, unwillingly, forcibly, with regret.

Gunhulp ; 'b huntiuhupacg willingly, vo-
luntarily, readily.

Sacp ’ 'f qaepy ain ear yreavangenegverient 37 4 fen rasan ’
pg. fayps’f tutfp, in vain, vainly, to
no purpose, without any reason.

Ruiig Lay, unfitly, improperly, amiss, ab-
surdly.

Suge buw , ignorantly, unknowingly.

UFigue, by fraud, fraudulently, deceit-
fully.

'h aly nakedly.

Leu 9 Sfunpamu , on foot.

‘Lapaz, newly, recently, freshly, lately,
just now. |

U, jusunp , wyupuis, so much, so many.

Ui ypsenfs ayppeeh, so much, so many. -

\psunf, nappa, as much, how much, how
many, as far.

Lunliteg anti; ’ Aprecits pushin ’ 'b dfusufit ’
cur Suuupuh together , altogether, all
at once, wholly, totally, completely, en-
tirely, in the mean while.

Guun, much, many, greatly, a great deal,
very, enough. f

Suckin, wnuwk,, more, at most, too much,
very much. 3

Yewek, Lv, more than.

Yuh ) wus tue lp: wushjuse fh fs 5 funk lf:
func fiug, fnpy dps pruyfu fing, poppy bs

115
guunt, , little, but little, some, somewhat,
something, less, in a small quantity.

Puc uhaitiouys, sufliciently, well enough,
duly, tolerably.

CONJUNCTION

A Conjunction is an indeclinable word
which connects the parts of speech together,
or one sense with another.

A COLLECTION OF CONJUNCTIONS

~

Ge > Or ac ’ and, or.

Gee, hao Lh, ha hu, ayy» usyple ful, tuslew ,
ful, qupdkuy, also, too, still, yet, more,
even.

tual, he haul, hunt (3-£ , [PE , E{-L, or,
either.

SLY SY alpeafte 5 Seanlinfiss wyyy meuloufe
eng wisps, pagg Ups, payg EE dp
mj, dp [P-L , pain [PL , Efe-k ns, but,
only, unless, except, save, nevertheless,
notwithstanding, however, yet, provided,
upon condition that, if not.

OE hk, (Pkukun, (Fkuykunl., though, al-
though, however.

(0-4 & as, though not.

Ns EIPE, hep ds Efd£, no, not.

116

(\'s due, not only.

Ulye by aba b, tad bey ayuftnpn, uyuftuph
it is, that is to say, to wit.

Nese ber beg (FE, npmbu mju (26, beg
uj (J-E, as, if it were.

(Youn apa, as, how.

Opfiush fifi ; qupopfitiuul » as, for example.

Uers 2 oepes ap ape, evyg mpe» ful
upy, unyupean, then, therefore, in conse-
quence, now.

U.j@ gf, rather.

Of ’ puttgls ’ tfunits al: ’ apiybe gly iprofuctial
als ; mpl ab > wusjls at » Tes afr ’ np{S Eile )
djius, for, because, that, whereas, foras-
muchas, in order to, to the end that, since.

ficg» where.

ig ’ that.

Ueyu ’ acpliti ’ unyurpl ts » cepusyes ne pleitis » Leas
oe ple ifis ; ncunf ’ ust LL Md Le bd LL ea
walftie Lopes eeale bop y Tullis pfs y eygure. Slee
wh., then, therefore, wherefore, in or by
consequence, for this reason.

“Pails ’ puils [dE ; mnueks, hiitoere estoy » ju
ebin, taut , (F-q,[P-£, than, rather, at most,
on the contrary.

Uligs lfingh.» dfingg hs aitgunl, gly qf ky 80
that, till, untill.

(ol, E[s£, ful (DE, espesyees (GE, engespess E(d-£
or unyl-[d-E, if.

Ueqes (2-E ns, otherwise.

4.4 [d- ’ gil y gnitlrusy at least.

{rE , F[JE, hk (dk, ql» euy pad; mt that.

117

INTERJECTION

An lnterjection expresses the passions of
the soul.

A COLLECTION OF INTERJECTIONS

Geel . peeled. [. [PE ’ suthuips bgF [F-E ’
eee i, 62, would to God, may it be!
°, addy ef (PL, euigk, fuir, 0h! oh! won-
ae I see! 0 God!
nes vik ASS AS BS ES) uly» aly Yfuiy
PPT fy ccssfrussies y extol Ean ; wcuis » E-qrich guigl 5
oh! alas! woe * to! poor! wretch that!
ule » = fuiz» Ss dS, ob joy!
Mets» de fe nS» JFF» Fst, Sl ye uy y E,
ala
Ury> ad fizur, ws uf s o! fie! pish !
Uigh» Sutupu, oh, Sur, come, come on;
cheer, well well.
(O-siq » forbear.
Us, e&p, bring, come.
&'4, Fy ep, come, come bring.

ng 3
E,

ee

Fy,

ea ~ vee

A. yy { tide, As sh «

Fs
ge i

Daa

“3 ws ie 4 ed

iG ait
aeRe
=f

“ aitiod, a

449
SYNTAX

Syntax is the due conjunction or con-
nexion of the parts of speech.

Substantives agree with each other in
three ways.

4. When another substantive is added to
express and explain the former more fully,
aS, Ugteqwnpue pumipee Satgbpd. with
Cleopatra his daughter. Ga inteorp~ ye
romump fee he Sas given Cleopatra his
daughter. CpPEL non Fe wo po ote fepodes ded sia
penis pupuyl)f. to visit his brethren the
children of Israel.

2. When one thing is said to belong to
another, as, GApep S¥urtwh Dione “Ppp
unnufy* apples i stew [ef app UFpwdwdnw
the book of the L icealicn of. Jesus Christ,
the son of David, the son of Abraam. Sayfi
fluyne (Pfr wniuplruy. pl op guoprmn [L Eraasete Sr anne
gave the apostles witness of the resurrection
of the Lord.

3. When a substantive or gerund like a
verb governs another substantive, as, §4«a
als dalek do eed at edo ef oys om tm [Le fr sore Xo diupunne[d-Fultie
after that we have received the knowledge of
the truth. Lseperoye ot SE nme eft neuncguiltlee h |

eheok npag’f 26 (d-uiinuy alias Lpbuye

120
£%. thou teachest all the Jews which are
among the Gentiles to forsake Moses. fruyg
ymngente Gayhayeebiay afi (Faggh. but the
blasphemy against the (Holy) Ghost shall
not be forgiven.

Substantives agree with Adjectives ‘when
governed by the same, as, [PFq. Sumwhw pups
lub fru oan hth app uy d-if” apesonbl-gests » unto us
they did minster the things, which are now
reported. OStngu usury ne.p + disobedient
to parents. Gabgts yupdnnh "fb Ganda. a reed
shaken with the wind. QFgkghh f wnk-uus
thy, b. puny’ Gepuhacp. that is pleasant
to the sight, and good for food. Ge ’p f«
ton ppfumsenug ng owjwey, and of the chief
women not a few. Gurku fap dh ’b Sve. he
saw a man which was blind from his birth.
Ge Ueput bp Ld wp mnt syt wih wowbod y he
wef lend, te avgent. and Abram was Very
rich in cattle, nm silver, and in gold. fruyg
ferpb, Port bp ote bole, ke thakohh tptwor-
but Rachel was beautiful and well-favored.
{) qPasdfuns ff Saucon; ‘fs ub ’ 'h Sante le
por(P-fu. sound in faith, in charity, in pa-
tience. Ge LS *% seep” E-nbgfs abn wp
cop but he that is greatest among you shall
be your servant. Upper ook par dense soptr be Lapus.
the youngest of his sons.

The Comparatives govern generally the
Accusative with the preposition 4%, as, 9f

OO EL —<— -

121
hup fs yop ie po dem ye eke thy Eqlp. for thou

art much mightier than we. [Prd 4% 4S 5e4.
‘nite £ unnn. a greater than Jonas is here.

Also the Middle nouns govern different
cases, as, Ugur Ugur Egh. bepl qt '} Lf.
behold, the man (Adam) is become as one
of us. (WL app Eugl quiudth fer 'b 5 se se be 00 _
$bwy. how can he be clean that 1s born of a
woman ? be dg Shenfs fowl be sm purpatgbep mm
dest’ 2%). though he be not far from every
one of Us. O ay ny So st py wr emf ns utleufs.
but other of the Apostles saw I none. —

CONCORDANCE OF ADJECTIVES WITH
SUBSTANTIVES

1. The adjective may be placed before
or after the substantive; joined,- or divided
from it,

2. The adjective may or may not be of the
same case or number wilh the substantive.

3. The governing preposition may be
placed either before the substantive or adjec-
tive, or before both being repeated.

Examples.

Ub teg aief hk Sy a 9 Le wef ac Fr oot fy tee Years.

by the word of God, which liveth and abideth
of ever. [pbs ms he F ses ope wo be po ah Ll. witdbnwu,
grp® fonputrunks by a greater and more per-

122
fect tabernacle, not made with hands. ’f ff
pey Lepfay tof oe pn wee mig fy Lnpun. upon the smooth of
his neck. Gpbugku gulf Lapa ‘t wp fad op fe
z-n)- seethe his flesh 7n the holy place. Qumnut
wk Gufs enejoy yopn=[eewhse. for all the migh-
ly works. (pepdutts JGpocuunlhL ttt a tw oar
uiw ewe Of/(Pbikuwg. returned they unto
Jerusalem from the mount called Olivet. Ge
LSwh$« hu putt qunjiu gacguinl, Tashits 4 dap Sue
and he will shew him greater works than
these. Ge wut log Yue gape
nifs 10) 68898 Ce Of Sd «Je d-o% he 4 t00 OM L quince bn,
pe. and the Lord plagued Pharaoh and his
house with great plaques. YberL teqhpeh «te
Lp wm fewne ad Oud hEugko Oe ee pln
4hy fonputifin pruny hagduil. the half-cur-
tain that remaineth, shall hang over the back-
side of the tabernacle. fleg Le pufigl is yutvnmue
bE pa SUL LSE, h 4 Shh hl pam Sle Suyork » a
yun te somdQ §4¢try- for they shall hear of
thy great name, and of thy strong hand, and
of thy stretched-out arm. G4u hpi dt op acy
bp abe boars wepe bate’ wguenh Ldwtvny. there
came a woman having an alabaster-box of
ointment of spikenard, very precious. S&uf
1S4p Dununk-uy 3 [enn geuwpapar[d Futh he dée
rwutiny- L saw also the Lord sitting upon a
throne, high and lifted up. Sips yout dh
0 ee Lo opp he Yaad he dead hopacuutipglo. Lord, wilt
thou slay also a righteous nation ? "fr Supyny
Tey wimen phe WEL d wenn be fp iut gf. 0 deliver me
from the deceitful and unjust man. Payg 4b

123

yoo thupy hai ns np upl, Stuugquitg by iy googie
fe apse Boss de fe “1b [Bachop thuSupl ppt. but
the tongue can no man tame: it is an unruly
evil, full of deadly poison, Qacudietu mbu_
a) Eu he. _soumuspruudusfiau + with divers and
strange doctrines. Ua Sapo toby web
wbwith. of the promise made unto our fathers.
*h ek pufiry tpheny i trhy Lo«jty Swunmuinku_
gb andktnjfr cuss. in the mouth of two or
three witnesses every word may be esta_
blished. ‘ay be wSey Le95echepeg- Noah was
six hundred years old. hepl s«umuphwos Suet
wwuue. about fifteen furlongs off. "bp dé gsar
tocd. in the six hundredth and first year,
in the first month. | 2jg04 ghey qe bogie dus
Awnlofp. he rus wul-, uy worl yet de whether
ye sold the land for so much ? and she said,
yea, for so much. Wye aytmfuf. such a
one as this is. 96 qopanfepaths mywopfhube "fs
Sheng vapu bipgfit. that even such mighty
works are wrought by his hands. {}«p# «2
for e902 Fu, fyunt” yup gayed pe bet. what is
thy country ? and of what people art thou?
Freed oe wenger er op set ome quunfp -whith what judge-
ment ye judge. O pv, fume fds and obs
pwhguhy Et ff: what is my trespass, what is
my sin ? Luttyk pa St pes ntutex 5 hk Zier prope oe
pH fowme Chrwfpegtum ndwiE. with the elders,
and with a certain orator named Tertulus.
bela phy wnt wit ls Us fequu- and
found a certain Jew named Aquila. ’h $+

124

fack dat. from one shepherd. O fut pry,
WLS an plhg Sum yuitpglt » ke whey fhe meme
Op 000 40.098 woe te fupEutup punokugkh. Every great
matter they shall bring unto thee: but every
small matter they shall judge. ‘Qas* acutiph
oD Lelaledad decked a tf gute busy Et, ayo ugh £*
tpfewenpfe. but now they desire a better
country, that is, an heavenly. Yruwty bphe
[uqrxtyy- doubting nothing. } guy downy
gupeun[I-mnh. the next sabbath (or sabbath-
day.) U. Jee gulifep puquop. with many
other words. Uz ay kpifadp. by the other
kine. ’h punta soy, be pwpalhs hep 'f swplrug
akpag. in turning away every one of you
from his iniquities. ’h dé pay dpa acpacp ‘fs
p&puing- Upon some mountain.

Notwithstanding the great licence in the
use of adjectives the following rules must
be generally observed.

4. The adjective placed after the sub-
stantive must agree with it in number and
case, as, pupuilpp H- Sunll- Sop » with great
sfones. qopacld hip uyumfrfrp ; such mighty
works.

2. The adjective placed before a substan-
tive does not agree with it, excepting the
monosyllable adjectives, as, dér-SuulS pur
pusndep , with great stones. aypuupprufs gopue.
Phinp, such mighty works, eye eutifrp

SE eae

125
with other words. "fb upeawd nk-quad, in the
holy place.

3. When a verb or participle is before
the substantive and after the adjective, the
adjective agrees readily with the substantive,
as, muni Saphad glut gopne[J-F-untp » he
armeth with divine fe orce. muna ufund gf
thay qopne[d Eunlp ’ armed with divine fe orce.

A. An adjective with the article or the
letter distinctive of the person, placed before
a substantive, agrees with it in number and
in case, but not always, as, de Sunt be hus
a greater and more perfect tabernacle, not
made with hands.

5. When there are many substantives be-
fore one adjective only, the adjective is in
the plural, and agrees with them, as, Yu
cory be. Baifiun[d-ustn ufpljbhp be glob-ghhp be
duybyaes.p,Saul and Jonathan (were) lovely
and pleasant.

6. The governing preposition is joined to

the case which precedes it, whether sub-

stantive or adjective, as, jyusimewikewy pha
ubiu, from the mount called. 'f siupyey lle
quacapl ththguenpl, , from the deceitful and
unjust man.

7. When the adjectives or substantives
placed before are joined with the conjunction
~,and, the governing preposition is applied
to all, as, Juitk-a& he Jtupann he itd us
nul” Fumnuttyne[d frie » to an inheritance

126
incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth
not away. 'h Stuungquittg ald ft fe 'f a
wpl wit, unto obedience and sprinkling of
the blood.

8. When the adjective or substantive
placed before is simple, and many substan-
lives or adjectives follow, the governing pre-
position governs the first word, and the se-
cond and third which follow; however not
always, as; 'h feupl feopse erg» 'f geusipy he
'b gopsay, from evil thoughts, words, and
works. qusayp upftausky bk OL a » the
bloody and deceitful man,

CONCORDANCE OF PRONOUNS

The personal pronouns &u, I, zac, thou,
fia, he or himself, are substantives, and as
substantives agree with adjectives, as, asm
aEp hl-gSusnopurg of you hypocrites.

ppt signifies sometimes self, as, Ge fugu
dupa. Ed: | myself also am a man.

The definitive pronouns var, gus, iar, he
(she, it) are substantives, and so agree with
adjectives, as, Shapur shinfiipy~ these last.
Ge fal fuplutup unpus asuusy lt. or else
let these same here say.

The definitive pronouns ogi, goju, baja,
this, that, same, are adjectives, and so agree |
with substantives, as, ’h oajt or ’f ulin as
carp. on this day, or inthe course of this day,

127
or to-day. (tun liu op fituuh fr. in the like
manner. *h ialfin quily acu Sy « of the same
lump. Bapnguy[d- "fb Uns ufuhgf. into that
very destruction let him fall. Ge adfit aspudprh
quidlTujts ifrry[d- f SED unlusy. and besides
this, giving all diligence.

The definitive pronouns aya, this, uyq,
wju, that, are generally adjectives, but some-
times substantives, as, Offs gapSkEgkp
quyy> what is this that thou hast done ? Uj, ju
EL Siacunp opycagu Lyl- these are the
generations of the sons of Noah. Saya Ep
acu mpesenae frie on these two command-
ments. er qusju pug dpilk-uitws Epydnciuu
wpuplouy Ep» who had made this conspira-
cy. GEE E-gl-uy fyb pun geutbfu S- & fs Ee
vophly. whether there hath been any such
thing as this great thing 1s 2?’ swpkugg pag
yey pguiul, - of this thy wickedness. (dqleafy.
wyprorefl. by this ‘epistle. (uum antl Tusyts fur
wuypanppl. according to all these words, and
according to all this vision. Gputtfi op upusk
qeuils ‘ tuple [Fue Y hd bade blessed is he
that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy.
Bugg jaypdasul,. of this generation. UL-
aftip Sunaypy pag uyungth jpuupg. the life of
these fifty thy servants. Whggkl fp $peutu_
pearls Luk ursunfs eis pupil, . shall I re-
cover of this disease? Suju Yaduku* gap
me pruspuslls 6.» spss Yewneas f2fuuin he ppp
Nhs wnwuplusry. this Moses, whom they re-

128
fused... the same did God send to be a ruler
and a deliverer.

The possessive pronouns fi; my,.pn, thy,
Ji-p, our, 4Ep, your, frp, his, his own, are
adjectives. When they are without substan-
tives, receive either the articles «, »,%, or
the adverbs «um, whwf, as, Pa & wt tujhe
fas 5 he 'b Lyne wince peg: all things come
of thee, and thine own have we given thee.
Yeu Jbepuyagu. he also hath ceased
from his own works, as God did from his.

The pronouns possessive derived /liujfiu
or filafiu, my, &bpuyft or SE paft, your's,
are put before the substantives. |

The pronoun relative ap, who, which,
what, that, is substantive, and in different
manners agrees with antecedent and follow-
ing nouns, as, Uyse' apap as wluutupykt,
L. uhwifu® opadp as pubgktu, Kyes that they
should not see, and ears that they should not:
hear. Lecae 'f tidal sfusits op 'h Se
wniaw Gfuacu Sueunnngts » heard him concern-
mg the faith in Christ. 96 df fas EG bug
‘fh fi prusy ff J EF E524- uulp , that none
of these things which ye have spoken come
upon me. pocd™ fig pl f plu unite py he ap
gk pkuv, give to him that asketh thee, and
from him that would borrow of thee turn not

thou away. "h sf fuXnite mene pye usyuanfrl fuc.
ub-guse pur deg apyenifis » gop Ex. PF unuilg.

——— ee

: 4129
andE-uuspofs » apf le gy gusnfunkutin apply my
Ee pyge sfrusnng , hath in these last days spok-
enuntous by his son, whom he hath appoint-
ed heir of all things, by whom also he made
the worlds. Who being the brightness of his
glory. Ge upusull-osg Wafubu Usupotfr yh
Ui nujfr munnyunlie gop wnmpleury gus Sb,
and Moses told Aaron all the words of the
Lord who had sent him. Ge udkiuuje upp
wuts opus puunsd fiup fe. wp ul[d- uy fp op
Efiu JT emg ouumypusy y (F-1 fpusml-usg qunuus ite
and all the men of lus house, born in the
house, and bought with money of the stran-
ger, were circumcised with him. Sapag packs
'b fag hp Epld-kuy Efe, which thou wentest
to seek. Aer quapifre tits UAqaunay fountibeusy

pur qnsul angus , whose blood Pilate had

mingled with their sacrifices. Yr og siuane_
geuy ’f fE tis a a to whom coming » as
unto a living stone. Nipy eb pitt bop fp Wlfin,
whose seed is in itself. Ge daquflgfir, op

pany ke op umhese, ond gathered, some more,

some less.

The articles-distinctive-of the persons u
of the first, 7 of the second, & of the third,
besides showing the persons joined to the
terminations of words, have also the force
of the English articles a and the, and give
energy and ornament, as, S$4p 4 Quasppu
fun (without any article) Lord and Master,
but with the article « so, S£pe fk Quaipyzu
ul-wu, it may have three senses: 4°. I who

130

am a Lord and a Master. 2°. This Lord and
Master. 3°. My Lord and Master. So S&pqz
i NO » 4°. Thou who art a Lord
and a Master. 2°. That Lord and Master.
3°. Thy Lord and Master. Likewise $4p%
OT a ‘ 1°. His Lord and Master.
2°. That Lord and Master. 3°. The Lord and
the Master. Q4yp 15 bun E ple assy Ew Vj ppuiyy.
bepaytb, after whom is the King of Israel
come out ? Shqfu mba E,k CL Le
Funtk-uy, this is a desert place, and the time
18 NOW past. Oras fre Ea‘ usu apa E.
hhpg, what is the cause wherefore ye are
come ? beE pug sfeuyen pps) quay mnthED ;
pur sop qlits plufigfr ’ if they do these things
in a green tree, what shall be done in the dry?
Ue. poe yopely peo ofpkpbs gop obpkgtp
gbumsah, take now thy son, thine only son
Isaac, whom thou lovest. U.pauupfu shiupyw
diz, our outward man, Ofrus fygk ’f dienk.
poyts junk, , what the rising from the dead
should mean ? WE fuEgupi.p hf puitiung an
puttg feomumpungy usypryng fly ’ depart ( | pray
you) from the tents of these wicked men. Sax
putigqe eyeguink ELEsn u ida 2 Wig ; of these
/ men who have companied with us. Qf apa
qlun ju i Susy gqusljwhfit he ghrp who
maketh the dumb, or deaf, or the seeing, or
the blind? Ghuijp ’p Supuuttfus, come unto
the marriage. 3op Fug. /Yutkd, in the midst
whereof I dwell. BE phgack msi. paypau ups
pet, qe Fun. upped Ap diunpunee [db usnlpe the

151

elder unto the well-beloved Gaius, vhom I love
in the truth. 96 ap butt fig ld, ke gaep usuy.
fgkp, that where lam, there ye may be also.
Sap poe. wntkea , that thou doest. pad”
geet dhazkgkp, to whom thou bearest wit-
ness. fis an. dbgqu EW, being yet present
with you. Qap tauju mah, , what things
soever he doeth. Qap uaa unil, which
this man hath done. SFuutifgl p qn pum,
pS erege beg Shes ah as ery tediain epopead puss
ditk-ofir "fp dh, see ye him whom the Lord
hath chosen, that there is none like him
among all the people. {i'd & op uuky gpkq,
who it is that saith to thee. eZ npc te.
Sudiupdush Faye fuouful, before whom also I
speak freely. QD biofuafiung upfuupSfu woop pl
pqleunputtkpfurge , of the princes of this world
that come to nought. Ofaipy. aytdip wnb-uas
“EL, but by what means he now seeth. N\pujbu
be hustfuars unkf, as I have also told you
g im time past. pes Jt asia [glu unpus lke pe ,
hyp & be quugugoe, but he that lacketh these
things is blind, and cannot see afar off:

CONCORDANCE OF VERB

The verb which is not a participle, or
_ infinitive, is governed by a nominative, as,
belqentil, apap Yoon gephfii le glep-
_ 4bp» inthe beginning God created the heaven
and the earth, Ge Ephfp bp wukplay[d- bh

152
winyunnuun, and the earth was without
form, and void. Ge Lagh Youncdy endkp
'b di pay Pacpy, and the Spirit of God moved
upon the face of the. waters.

The participle and the infinitive are often
governed by a genitive, as, Wuas/u Stafr,
pitas ste £ thin Fee wn Uno divthwpupdusg y
they are delivered ere the midwives come in
unto them. LL Ephupy yA [Sutuky gn
penis UIT] ++ fe psy dusts Je phuby » the
heaven was opened, and the Holy Ghost de-
scended.... and a voice came from heaven.

In like manner are governed the preter-
perfect, and the preter-plu-perfect tenses
formed by a participle, and a substantiveverb,
as, Fe as. ghunkp Surhoide [Pe (peuple yuy
fund fey gagquglay Er qunuu y fe or Jacob
knew not that Rachel had stolen them. ra
putt gopsluy & v7 /TH 'f haguiul uipuilg ase
jb putt gpunuued, there hein wait for him
of them more than forty men.

The accusative cannot properly govern a
verb, but is subject to: it, as, Ge Aus fT ap
Sul. ayy i Eup Usuredry ‘ ng murunfulp Sur
op 'f Xayunurpae [Pbk bf ding slaps
puitrpah lay bg gus ws haiti [luk
infusing, forasmuch then as we are the off-
spring of God, we ought not to think that
the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or .
stone, graven by art and man’s device.

The nominative of nouns agrees gene-

155

rally in number with a verb which is nota
participle or infinitive, excepting those with-
out singular number, or collective, as, 8a
peu od | ied be ld hdl Mutts fit 4Shp ; there
arose another generation after them, which
knew not the Lord. Gir dpmputi purgdie.
[Pfc ~ furitil-gue, ats pub fit Jbepuputt.
sliep peques foouky tunga » the multitude came
together, and were confounded because that
every man heard then speak in his own lan-
quage. be Fngadacpyts uli nhl Supa.
Chay sb. quipliiiuylie piog. youll fu oopan and
the people waited for Zacharias, and mar-
velled that he tarried so long. |

The nouns joined with the conjunction t,
and sometimes agree, sometimes not, as, Ge
fuup he esp Pure. Jyt ’ Susy p he assqasfitibeusy ;
agp k &>p,and the man increased excee-
dingly, and had much cattle, and maid-ser-
vants, and men-servants, and camels, and
asses. bait jdt esp ese rt. h. asfuup i Gop » our
nuyp kh. uqufuileuyps | have oxen, and ass-
es, flocks, and men-servants, and women-
servants. :

When the noun or, pronoun is only one,
the verb must be of the same person, as, Gu
pus Firag Fes Eh Ae 2 unpus nop Efi ’ I was
left alone ; where had they been ?

When the persons are different the verb
agrees with the first, as, Qvayi] qasyghdp

Fuk digg pnt Eqeupp pr, ke Eph fpuyus_
8

154

guiipgledp pk, shall 1, and thy mother and
thy brethren, indeed come to bow down our-
selves to thee to the earth ? 8apdunl gar be
tw dus bykp , between thee and him alone.
GEE bu, bk EPL topes ayumleu puipagh.
geup, whether it were I or they, so we preach.

Sometimes the verb is supposed, as, Ae
hus, | Fa pe. unk-g& ps they y he ynp op ak
amg poy utkikphu dip, we are the clay,
and thou our Potter; and we all are the
work of thy hand.

The verb active governs generally the ac-
cusative, as, Ge enspuassyt Yeu w ds quiupyts
ausprenegt gus. eu pirat. /e Ey LL gins AT)
God created man in his own image ; in the
image of God created he him; male and fe-
male created he them. Ge whhbug Yuunacad
quip ts quay TT a Koa sand the Lor d God lant-
ed a garden eastward nm Eden; and there
he put the man whom he had formed.

Sometimes the letter » a sign of the ac-
cusative is supposed, as, ‘Ges way unlltuusfinfs
hEutuu he Qachs » L quillLusjts fis he giveth
to all, life, and breath, and all things. Ge
wien. lh 'f hag angus i Ejfby pur ujip alii p-
dius, and he took one of his ribs, and closed
up the flesh instead thereof.

The verb active governs secondly another
accusative, as, pac ge untku gpk, whom
makest thou thyself? (Ouyuceng qailts wut

135
yBpuacu, saying that there is another king,
one Jesus.

The verbs active as well as the neuter and
passive govern often their roots in the accu-
sative, as, Usp junrfuliuhai ufpl-gf: g.ekqs
I have loved thee with an everlasting love.
Ueiuskugkt qunfo[d- di-S , they shall be great-
ly ashamed. |

The verb “the governs generally the
ablative, as, DF 19at op mugs ds 'b Siu
, ub that it might be fulfilled which was spok-
eno f the Lor “Putigh t mun uitunfs Sunt
eu. for the tree is known by his fruit.
Auth glulin he Mutou sfrcl™ Jbdig peg
know my (sheep) and am known of mine.

The infinitive sometimes is noun, and
sometimes verb.

The preposition ’: put before an infinitive
has often the signification of an adverb y»p_
du S, us when as, ’h wlruntil jt q.plq
eb php hugh’ f dune frp, when he seeth thee,
he will be glad in his heart.

The infinitive or the gerund with its verb
increases the signification of it, as, \cmbhy
mibp upper uses y he hath whereof to glory.
dipuy Meg, yul oppkyi infplughku dirgs
shalt thou indeed reign over us? or shalt
thou indeed have dominion over us ?

156

CONCORDANCE OF PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions sometimes are put after the
nouns; they change their places, and are re-
doubled, as, Nope Suub-uy & fin JUeanedy
fppanutigis fE-preusy y who knowing the judge-
ment of God. Uf fas syuunXurny 7) Suhr
nusthoapy fit ‘fs SaySayae[d uit cis ILI give
none occasion to the adversary to speak re-
proachfully. OSbun Ep[t afi geugqacdp 'h
opkhy uitunfr, be. fs upp inobl huts E-hyusnhinfry
que qaup be. gPoninupy many of the Jews
and religious proselytes followed Paul and
Barnabas. 3uandianjh tun qeupkiug qgSku
Ep[d-uyp, but ever follow that which is good.
Soptudt fy ybeinyba spopdne[d-butig fh JED
wilwifgfp, when ye fallinto divers tempta-
tions. Lunoney fis fiua sup tfiofusstiush pug.
gues, that render evil for good.

Adjectives are often used as adverbs, as,
YP duduijis hupryuglp, cry aloud. Geagze.
ran and returned.

On the contrary sometimes adverbs are
used as adjectives, as, Gq tinpus osfuuyp be
east ess. JSYF and had much cattle.

Negative adverbs +4, 4 and 4, no, not,
sometimes are put after verbs, as, Ge /uaq'
Aas ns” nfig > fyb Tus akg, and the swine,
though he divide the hoof, and be cloven-

—

e———

137
footed, yet ye cheweth not the cud: he is
unclean to you.

ACCENTS, OR NOTES OF PROSODY

ag Chom or QE punuihyuih (‘) as, Sui ns
puig, Fu, NustoussE allergy eas as, ilfi, ad
glttns +

2°. fiaefd- or elt uiinzuit (*) as, tau fu ’ Eph
pope: pupdlruiy wy” cufiagh’ ay’ t

3°, Despre OY ayrguul (°) as, aids quip. ’
rep + According to modern usage it is em-
ployed as an interrogative point, and as a
note of admiration. :

A’. Gphop (“), as, geuipl, dur, Ger
ug” Geoceuy kt s

5°. acy (°) as, Snugquitg., g-im[d fri,
U'pafe£ : It is put on the syllable to make
it short.

6°, (une. () as, Bh [2-orng : It is put
by some moderns upon the letter - to mark
its pronunciation as a 7:

7. UsqurlF- upg (’)- It is rarely used.

8°. Gt[d-wifiwy, , the mark of division of a
word (.)-

PUNCTUATION

There are three Points in the Armeman.
1. Yarnpush bun r)
2°. Wppunbeun (.«
3°. Wk pQul bun (+)

138

OTHRR MARKS

1°. Puhuhban (’?). It is put on the head
of the letter 4, when it forms a preposition,
as, "fy anf:
2°, Mannfx. () mark of abbreviation, as,
US (Usuncuds). UF (Usuerdsy ). Pa
( SPipfuuns )- “profs (“fi pfuunaufs) ° SF (S&p) °
Si (Sku) :
3°. Upe% (+) which is one of the three
columns of a « entire; it is put sometimes
to mark an entire a, as, w2unpul (uzun
prssly) > epespapaly (eapusprearprsalt) +
A’, Gphapkwh (") which marks the vo-
wels omitted, or the words shortened, as,
PUL ( purup ): Gas". ( BadfSuittuku ):
5°. Puhug hs ()- ' 4
6°. Quamnnughp. The sign, or substitute
of a word, as, S (asfsups) +
7°, duu bp» Cyper.

159

The letters of the Armenian Alphabet are
used as the Numbers, generally with a
line on the letter, so

‘it 1. x, 100.
~z> 2. if, 200.
> 3. WE —— 300.
Fs 4, a, 400.
E, 5. a 500.
a» 6. ", 600.
BE, Fi cz : 700.
iy 8. iq 800.
, 9. Dd; 900.
-, 10.. iy 1000.
fh» 20, a, 2000.
; 30. ifs 3000,
Z AQ. imi 5 4000.
s, 50. p> 5000.
h, 60. Gs 6000.
%, 70, ag 7000.
a, 80. ips 8000.
=, 90, 2) 9000.

NB. o and being recent letters, are
not included in the numeration.

—_- = so? =

144

VERSE

The antient Armenian Verses or Songs
were not rhymed, as the following for ex-
ample.

belube Eehfe ke kghbps Eplfubp bk. Shputuf
bele't Safactaiby ghaplp ph Eqgkguplfu.
(ig bgbguit fag png kyuiubp |

Ge (6 engyt qunnutnkehbhy ugh ps

‘yur Sap SEp octkp.

Use [BE ey achb pn dnpace ;

Ge ushacupu Efi wily ushneip 4

But now they are rhymed generally and

are composed from five Syllables to fifteen.
_ The following few lines are specimens with
_ their own translation in prose.

of 3 Syllables.

Usr wtadt Bhuace
Uber] pel Apia
Ufpun bl puphykt

Jesus, whose name is a love, bind thou

_ my heart of stone with thy love.

142
of 6 Syllables.

Gaby. Supt uttihins pi ;
Gpefuaeop bE uusyfin :

Having been the bride of the immortal
celestial Bridegroom.

of 7 Syllables.

Uphugup epee. dp pg lus
*h Sutin fufs pruuinnfit s

Valiantly fight thou in the public combat.
of 8 Syllables.

Mbpha: qneuncilis nes uyusrne fru
b php fingjing bf geppbe:
_ Love thou instruction, by which thou

wilt obtain honor from Heaven, and on
earth.

of 9 Syllables.
behuxXt tl usqusetefs Orpussisyisys »

Lp Uybuin anys E Ly puupuyps

Thou dove, ever flying through the air,
the Ark of the new Noah is thy dwelling. -

i

———— SS

eS a ne ee

ea ee

eT ees eee

| ata ear’) 4S 3a, er
~*
'

143

of 10 Syllables.

Uj4or Eplf wiunkut 'h guspa uly ,
To-day the Invisible appears from on

high; the knowledge of all creatures is dis-
covered.

of 14 Syllables.

Pecteuenp Suwnng Eph E-quit Sunbhp
Gp ftuqupy AL witaezurSam eope
sfecsalpe
Flowers of rational Plants appeared of
various tints, and delicious odour.

of 12 Syllables.

Popapush Ef fpuwgoactun apy bu funputs ,
Pia [F-Fusdp husynets ; wited use guptact ;
aitunk-uush ats :

I am a hemisphere round as a pavilion,
by nature firm, in reality moveable invisibly.

of 13 Syllables.

err opanduts ylein Saukyaje quindp ls
ae | ;

ar Tah
Te, ASL

14h
UWelipopkoy Jeph fii , ur. Ueupoqu x
pou ype 3
The roar of thunder haying diffused the.

rain of life, is recovered to ‘the heavens,
returning to his Origin. .

of 14 Syllables.

ip sei fp Tap ays FeapeHe.
Degg bh bya pacuopp fk pfu Vpoiful:
Let us ery aloud in joyful tidings address-

ing. thee. personally, . 0. Church, js coment
of lofty Sion.

of AS Sites.

Neb fepay Sopot goer] Bp cess 4
quupuspuS wy

phew, fb Jocpu eg BES . se “rte
Youn dy aS 3

“Thou, who Sasating? on ‘the water didst

make creation, descending in the waters of

the Baptismal fount, dost give birth to the

Sons of God.

: —
o ea
Ne
aly ae
oe
4

et me.

- if
faa a tae!
See

cy

ca
een